Reasons For Women s Great Leaders Essay - 1962 Words

17 Reasons women make Great leaders. 1. They value work - life balance. Women are great leaders because they are to balance professional and personal leadership skills. It’s easier to approach a women leader with a personal request , or a sensitive question. Women a more proactive in becoming mentors , and sometimes it’s already such an open and communicative relationship that the relationship that the transition to mentor is easy . 2. They are empathetic . Most women are naturally empathetic and value relationships. This enables them to have a strong understanding of what drives and motivates people, and how to acknowledge different people for their performance. 3. They make great listeners. Women make great leaders because they take the time to listen of reacting right away. They appreciate people and their viewpoints. Whether they are right or wrong ,we hear them out and then make our decision. We tend to give people chances that no others do. 4. They are nurturing. One of the key aspects of leadership is the ability to help your team members develop their own skills and strengths. Women are naturally nurturing , which in the best scenarios can translate to helping those around you succeed. 5. They focus on teamwork. Women consistently demonstrate passion enthusiasm and an immense capacity to serve and be served by others. Women make bold and wise decisions as leaders while relying on others to be part of their team. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Leader Great? Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesIt’s impossible to respect, value and admire great leadership if you can’t identify what makes a leader great. There are noticeable differences among the leaders, none may be as significant as the leadership styles of the men and women leading their respective organizations. Many researchers suggest that women leaders are natural leaders and women are more qualified for leadership positions while others suggest differently. 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Alexander accomplished greater things than not only of the kings who had lived before him, but also of those who came after him. Alexander lll of Macedon was born in Pella, Macedonia in 356 B.C. He spent his childhood years watching and learning how his father transformed Macedonia into a great military power. Alexander’s dad was King PhilipRead MoreThe True Definition Of Leadership Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Leaders have been around since the beginning of man,† says the authors of ‘Introduction to Health Care Management.’ (Buchbinder, 2012) As a result, time has taught us the true definition of leadership. For years, the method by which a person has persuaded and motivated others to participate in accomplishing a goal has become monumental. The commitment that great leaders encompass are not defined with a simple definition of leadership. The mutual theme with great leadership is that success is notRead MoreWho Is Your Favorite Political Leader And Why?1382 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical leader and why? What are the qualities that make him/her a successful leader? What experiences and/or people in his/her life helped this person become an effective leader?† Throughout history it indicates that political leader must have the certain ability to lead his or her nation. There are so many political leaders who are well known throughout history such as Adolf Hitler, Julius Caesar, Abraham Lincoln, and the list can go on. Even though each of these political leaders is from differentRead MoreWomens Status in Islam Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages In Islam, women and men are equal in terms of their relationship with Allah. It can be clearly seen that Allah has created men and women differently, this is so that they may fulfil different purposes in life. It is not a question of the superiority of one gender over another, rather it is a matter of role differentiation. Islam teaches that men and women complement one another and are both equally important. On the otherRead MoreA Common Source Of Conflict Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination Indian women face under religious personal laws. A Uniform Civil Code replaces patriarchal personal laws with a common set of laws that would govern each citizen and cover matters relating to marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption and maintenance. 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Article Review Penetrating Assault in Children - 1030 Words

The second article that I have chosen to critically review is: Penetrating assaults in children: Often non-fatal near-miss events with opportunities for prevention in the UK Link: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0020138312001155?np=y Critical analysis: The authors has two aims first of which is to collect data on the medical outcome of deliberate gun and stab injuries in children and second was to look at methods of prevention of violent injury towards children in a few urban paediatric emergency department ( ED’s) in the UK. The author has used a mixed method to collect his data he has used case series analysis and also he has used a qualitative method of surveys. The method of retrospective case†¦show more content†¦2011). Although the author does mention opportunities for prevention it is very brief and limited he also mentions that the research results could possibly help guide health intervention to reduce harm to those at risk. World health organisation (WHO) and UNICEF are both involved and have interventions and preventing child injuries they have suggestions of interventions such as home visits, parent education, media based interventions, and support and mutual aid groups with the outcomes being prevention of child abuse/ maltreatment, reduction of risk of abuse and improvement in physical health.( WHO 2012). They are trying to raise awareness around the world on this issue. (Department for education 2011).Every child matters main focus is early intervention and for all children to reach their full potential with the support of schools, GPS and community sectors. (Department for education 2004). Conclusion: To conclude the research topic the author has chosen there were a few limitations which made findings minimal he also did not show very much knowledge of legislations however the author did display good facts on the topic of gun and stab assaults on children but I feel that he could have provided more in depth information on intervention and prevention and what ED’s can do to put in place these interventions. References: Department of Health. (2011). 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One is committed instead to an ongoing process of Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesFlight Center. His father, Michael, taught math at the University of Maryland. Sergey was born in Moscow, but he and his family left the Soviet Union when he was six, fleeing anti-Semitism and seeking greater opportunity for themselves and their children. Larry Page grew up in Michigan, also the son of a professor whose Ph.D was computer science, and who taught at Michigan State University where Larry’s mother also taught computer programming. He followed in the footsteps of his father and brother

Hemolysis Lab free essay sample

Organisms also have white blood cells, also referred to as leukocytes, which combat foreign antibodies in the immune system. White blood cells are complex in structure, and in contrast to red blood cells, have a nucleus. They include such cells as lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils. While some cells such as lymphocytes make antibodies, others attack foreign objects, such as leukocytes, and others have several support jobs that help the immune system perform more efficiently. The immune system also consists of platelets. They are produced in the bone marrow of animals by megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells) which continuously go into the blood system and help clot blood (Barrilleaux 2012). Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer, making them hydrophobic. Membranes have many functions, most importantly holding the cytoplasm and organelles. Cell membranes often contain protein channels that allow substances to enter the cell (Bowe et al. , 1997). Cell membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some substances and chemicals can enter the cell, but not others. Most often, hydrophobicity and size determines permeability rates (Barrilleaux 2012). If too much of a substance rushes into the cell, then they create an osmotic imbalance, meaning that the pressure inside the cell compared to outside the cell differs so much that the cell membrane bursts. This process is called hemolysis (Ivanov 1999). Hemolysis is the process in which red blood cells are disrupted. The cells then release their cytoplasm and organelles. Since the cells are microscopic, we cannot view one cell undergoing hemolysis by the naked eye, however we can view a solution of them undergoing hemolysis without any specific equipment. However you can also view a specific number of cells using a phase contrast microscope, which will not only magnify the cells, but also shows depth and contrast (Barrilleaux 2012). We can also measure hemolysis by a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer measures how much light is absorbed by the solution. If a solution is more turbid (cloudy) then it will have a higher absorbance. Throughout this experiment, we wanted to test the membrane permeability of mammalian red blood cells by using hemolysis. We would view it under phase contrast microscopes, spectrophotometers and our eyes. We don’t know what the exact partition coefficients are yet of all the chemicals we will be testing. We will test the membrane permeability of 12 different chemicals, and our hypothesis is that they will differ by their molecular composition, structure, size and whether or not they are ionic. Barrilleaux, A. (2012). Cells and Heredity Laboratory Manual. (pp. 90). New Orleans, LA: Loyola University. Bowe, C. L. , Mokhtarzadeh, L. , Venkatesan, P. , Babu, S. , Axelrod, H. R. , Sofia, M. J. , Karkarla, R. , Chan T. Y. , Kim, J. W. , Lee, H. J. Amidon, G. L. Choe, S. Y. , Walker, S. , Kahne, D. (1997). Design of Compounds that Increase the Absorption of Polar Molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 2218-12223. Ivanov, I. T. (1999). Low pH-Induced hemolysis of erythrocytes is related to the entry of the acid into cytosole and oxidative stress on cellular membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1415, 349-360. Ree ce, J. B. , Urry, L. A, Cain, M. L. , Wasserman, S. A. , Minorsky, P. V. , Jackson, R. B. (2011). Membrane Structure and Function. Wilbur, B, (9th ed. ) Campbell Biology (pp. 125-142). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education. Materials and Methods: Spectrophotometry: After setting the Genosys spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of light, we set the wave length to 540 nanometers. We pipetted 1. 2 mL of . 3M glycerol into a cuvette and blanked the machine. We then mixed 3 ml of . 3M glycerol and 10 ul of whole blood [1] in a test tube, covered it with parafilm and then inverted the tube to mix the solution adequately. We then pipetted 1. mL of the blood/glycerol solution into a new cuvette, put it in the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbance for a time of ‘zero’. We then repeated these steps with . 15M NaCl. We blanked 1. 2 mL of a . 15M solution, and then mixed 3mL of the . 15M solution and 10 ul of horse blood in a test tube. We covered the test tube with parafilm and inverted the mixture, we then pipetted 1. 2 mL of the mixture out and into a new cuvett e. We measured the absorbance for a time of ‘zero’. We then simultaneously measured the absorbance of the glycerol/blood mixture and the NaCl/blood mixture every minute for 30 minutes. Basic Contrast Microscopy: We cleaned two glass slides with alcohol and put them aside. We then combined 1 mL of . 15M NaCl and 10ul of whole horse blood in a microcentrifuge and immediately transferred 10 mL of the mixture to the clean glass slide, added a cover slip, recorded the start time and watched the cells under 400x bright 4field microscopy and recorded what we observed. We then switched to 400x phase contrast microscopy and also recorded what we saw periodically and noted any change. We then repeated the same procedure for . 3M glycerol. We added 1 mL of a . M glycerol solution and 10ul of horse blood into a separate microcentrifuge and instantly pipetted 10 ul of the mixture onto another clean glass slide, covered with a coverslip, recorded the start time and viewed under 400X phase contrast microscopy. We watched the slide for 14 minutes and recorded and drew how many cells were in our viewing area. We stopped recording what we saw when cells were no longer visible. Turbi dty: We predicted which chemicals would take a long time (longer than an hour) to turn clear, so we tested those chemicals first. We put 3mL of each chemical in a separate test tube, mixed it with 10 ul of whole horse blood, and documented how much time passed until the mixture turned clear. We then rated it on our own scale of one through five of how turbid it was at time zero. We started with putting NaCl in a test tube and then KCl in another test tube, and then so on ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose, ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, glycine, and then methanol. After each test tube was labeled with which chemical was inside, we added the horse blood and recorded how long it took the mixture to turn clear. We repeated some of the mixtures, such as ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride because we documented the time incorrectly. We then put the chemicals on a chart in order of how long it took (in minutes) for the turbid mixtures to clear up. Results: Hemolysis: Spectrophotometry: In our results of our spectrophotometry, we recorded the absorbance of each mixture and discovered that our . 3M Glycerol and blood mixture level of absorption initially increased insignificantly and then flattened out for the duration of the experiment at . 355 nanometers. Simultaneously, we recorded the NaCl/blood mixture and it decreased extremely gradually, with the exception of one discrepancy in the middle of the experiment (Figure 1). Phase Contrast: We observed roughly 100 red blood cells using 400X bright field microscopy at the commencement of our experiment for . 15M NaCl/whole blood (Figure 2). We then viewed the red blood cell/NaCl mixture using 400X phase contrast and viewed the same amount of cells, except this time they were mainly small black dots clustered around each other (Figure 3). We witched from using the bright field microscopy to phase contrast microscopy because phase contrast shows depth and has a clearer picture. We then did the same procedure with a . 3M glycerol/blood solution. The start time was 4:45. We observed the first slide using 400X phase contrast microscopy. The start image and it indicates that there were roughly 100 cells (Figure 4). Figure 5 shows what was happening at 4:50; there were roughly 50 cells left and the ghosts of the cells were clearly visible. Figure 6 shows at 4:51 that approximately 30 cells were left, and they were disappearing at an extremely quickly. Figure 7 shows that at 4:55 10 cells were left. Almost all the cells were gone. Figure 8 shows that all the cells have disappeared and only ghosts were left at 4:59 P. M. After the experiment was concluded, figure 9 compared the number of red blood cell mixtures over time. Also, if this experiment was done again, and water was substituted for . 15M NaCl, then the red blood cell would swell and burst because the water is a hypotonic solution compared to the red blood cell. Membrane Permeability: Turbidity: Some chemicals, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol and methanol changed instantaneously from turbid to clear. Others such as NaCl, KCl, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose and glycine did not change from turbid. Table 10 shows that chemicals reacted differently with the 10 ul horse blood in both how turbid it was at the start of the experiment, and how long it took each chemical to turn completely clear. Figure 11 demonstrates the relationship of time-to-turbidity loss (based on our relative scale of 1-4 we determined at the beginning of each chemical experiment) to each chemical that did change turbidity. Discussion: During this experiment, we fulfilled the objectives in which we wanted to test membrane permeability and test chemicals and whether or not they cause hemolysis. We discovered that NaCl, KCl, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose and glycine do not cause hemolysis because they are not hypotonic solutions; however, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol and methanol are hypotonic solutions. In which case the red blood cell has lower pressure than the outside of the red blood cell, so the solution rushes in causes the red blood cell to lose its cytoplasmic inside. Some chemicals and solutions cause hemolysis quicker because they are much smaller in atomic size and mass compared to large molecules that cannot permeate the red blood cell membrane as easily, which slows down hemolysis (Bowe et al. , 1997). Our control (. 15M NaCl) are consistent throughout our experiment. They didn’t cause hemolysis in the spectrophotometer, phase contrast, and with the test tubes. With every one of our other chemicals, we could use NaCl as baseline to refer to, and to see whether or not that chemical was causing hemolysis or if it was an isotonic solution. There were a few issues in the data gathering category; we had to repeat the turbidity test tube experiment for two chemicals because we marked down the wrong start time. We also had trouble viewing . 3M glucose and blood solution under phase contrast, because our microscope was not set up correctly initially, so we had to keep adjusting. We had to gather the data from another group. Every method we used to view hemolysis, whether it be the spectrophotometer, microscope, or our eyes, each had its benefits and downfalls. The spectrophotometer allowed for absorption to be measured better than our eyes and microscope. However, we couldn’t actually see it unless we took the cuvette out of the spectrophotometer. Our eyes were a good way to actually view turbidity without an additional object. It was helpful to actually see the experiment going on in front of you, it allows an additional perspective of envisioning the experiment later on, because it’s easier to actually think about what is happening in the experiment. The microscopes are the best at actually viewing the hemolysis on an extremely small scale. Overall, it was important to view hemolysis with each data collecting instrument, whether it be the spectrophotometer, microscope or eyes. Each had a separate purpose and each came in handy when interpreting the results. It was a great experiment and I thoroughly enjoyed getting â€Å"hands on† training, and also it was vital to view hemolysis and the chemicals that cause hemolysis. Our hypothesis is accepted because the smaller the molecular composition, the quicker the red blood cell membrane was permeated. Also, other scientific articles such as Design Compounds That Increase the Absorption of Polar Molecules and Low pH is Related to the Entry of the Acid Into Cytosole and Oxidative Stress on Cellular Membranes support our hypothesis.

The Soul, God, Religion, & Evil Essays - Philosophy Of Religion

The Soul, God, Religion, & Evil The Soul, God, Religion, & Evil Being raised in a Catholic family, I have always been told that my body contains a soul. I have often wondered where my soul is and how it functions. Being asked by my friends questions about the soul, I could not answer because I never really knew myself, so I looked to the writings of the church. According the Catechism of the Catholic Church, written by Pope John Paul II, the soul is not just part of the body, it is the body. In Sacred Scripture the term soul often refers to the life or the entire person. But soul also refers to the innermost aspect of man, that which is of greatest value in him, that by which he is most especially in God's image: soul signifies the spiritual principle in man. The unity of soul and body is so profound that one has to consider the soul to be the form of the body: i.e., it is because of its spiritual soul that the body made of matter becomes a living, human body; spirit and matter, in man, are not two natures united, but rather their union forms a s ingle nature. The Church teaches that every spiritual soul is created immediately by God - it is not produced by the parents - and also that it is immortal: it does not perish when it separates from the body at death, and it will be united with the body at the final Resurrection. That is the belief of my church. Other religion hold different views, are they right? If what I believe is right, then the soul is there, not for Catholics, but for everyone, so that we all have a spiritual awareness and can become closer to God. But what if I am wrong? What if we really do not have soul? How then am I to live my life? What if there really is no God, and religion is just a security blanket for people so that they seem to have some meaning in their lives? How can one justify the existence of God if there is so much evil in the world? What about reincarnation? If we have a soul, then it is supposed to be reunited with the body on the final Resurrection, but then how do certain people have spe cial talents where as others do not? These questions are ones that my personal experiences and beliefs will try to answer. I do not believe that the Catholic Christian religion is the only true religion in this world. If I were to believe this, then I would not be the ideal, loving, open minded person that I am called to be by my beliefs, and by God. I believe that each religion is right for each person involved, depending on where they are located. God calls each person in different ways because all people are not the same, and live in different surroundings. Each culture has certain beliefs based on their cultural pasts, and physical environments. For example, Europe and the Americas are considered to be part of the Western World. The Western World is modern, destructive, fast paced, and highly independent. That is the way our society has developed, and the religions that we believe correspond to these factors. African religions are different then the European religions, just as Asian and Middle Eastern religions are different then African religions, because they do not have the same pasts. The way tha t people had lived, their ancestors, helped to develop their religious ideas. Each culture had to have believed in some higher power, and someone (Buddha, Jesus, Confucius, etc.) helped to lead their people into a system that corresponded with their lives, and contributed to bringing some sort of meaning to the society, fulfilling some void that was present. So in a sense, the religions that were created, were created by a certain type of people to fill something missing in their lives, caused by the type of society they were residing in. It was not that the religions created the people, it was that the people created the religions. In line with that idea, religions have also been

Important News Stories

Important News Stories ATA SmartBrief is a United State Company associated with airing noteworthy news concerning the U.S airlines and Aviation companies. The following is the prime news highlighted by the company in the second week of October (9th 14th). The news is grouped into three main categories; Company Watch, Inside Aviation and Energy Bulletin (ATA SmartBrief, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Important News Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vital news highlighted on 10/9 was about how American Airlines taps TIMCO Aviation services for 757 works. It stated that there would be provisioning of extreme repairs for American Airlines on four Boeing 757 aircraft by the TIMCO Aviation Services. Andrea Huguely, who is the spokesperson for the airline, stated that the Airlines have to acquire a powerful strategic advancement into its upkeep planning requirements. This was reported in Tulsa world, Okla. On the same day, th ere was a report from Bloomberg on the contract talks between American Eagles and the pilot union stall. On 10/10, AMR proclaimed capacity reduction and plane retirements for American Airlines (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). AMR is planning to reduce the capacity of these airlines to 3 percent for the rest of the year 2011. This is due to the doubtfulness of the companys economic environment caused by high fuel costs. Moreover, AMR is also planning to issue extra pilot retirements all through the fourth quarter. Still, on the same day, Canada was preparing for planned strike by Air Canada flight entourages, since the government of Canada was dissatisfied with the unions decisions (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Bloomberg repeated this report on 10/11. Another report on the same day was about concerns raised by Southwest Airlines due to the changes in policy. The vice president of marketing and strategy at the frog firm, Adam Richardson stated that his favorite carrier was the Southwest Airlines, bu t he did not concur with some current changes in the Company’s policies. One of the policies that he did not agree with was the new check-in-procedure and recurrent-flier-encode. Harvard Business Review printed this report.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On 10/12, the ATA SmartBrief had news concerning the regulators’ approval for slot swap between the U.S. Airways and Delta. The Delta Airlines will achieve management of half of the flights at the LaGuardia Airport in New York through operational landing slots and takeoffs with the U.S. Airways at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (RRWNA). The federal Controller approved that slot swap was implemented. In other words, Delta Airlines are targeting to own the New York market, and that is why they are doing everything possible to reach it. Helane Becker who is a Dahman Rose Co. analyst issue d this statement (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Moreover, a report by Nasqad.com asserted that the United Continental Holdings’s CEO, Jeffrey Smisek is concentrating on changing the disputes of joint cultural amid carrier with its pilot coalition. He added that it is extremely easy to talk about culture, but it is very difficult to take action on it. Smisek also uttered that the coalition airline was not ready to decline any moment soon in its journey bookings, in spite of the delicate economy revival. On 10/13, AMR reports advancement of earnings had to be done on Monday that followed. AMR Corporation, which is the third-largest airline machinist in the U.S., showed a positive gain viewpoint for the third quarter. Psychoanalyst personnel foresee that this could direct the stock of AMR to rise about $5.65 for every portion (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). However, another quarter of defeat may occur as a result of fuel costs and other cost issues despite the expected growth in revenue. On 10 /14, SmartBrief highlighted the news concerning Retirements where the union meeting could denote American nears the labor deal. A huge number of pilot withdrawals directed the American Airlines to secure a crew base in San Francisco and minimize fourth-quarter seating by about 3 percent. The Allied Pilots Association proposed that America might be in the process of signing another agreement with the pilots after five years of compromise (ATA SmartBrief, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Important News Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another report by the Dow Jones Newswire and the Wall Street Journal was about the attendants of the Air Canada who were stroke with undue labor grievance. The Air Canada, together with the Canada Industrial Relations Board (CIRB), blamed the Canadian Coalition on the bad-faith negotiating public workers. Note that the Coalition stands for 6,800 airplane employees, and the grievance was reported few hours after Lisa Raitt, the Labor Minister, had chucked the airline’s employees from striking. The Airline stated that the coalition had reached a deal in bad faith, since its membership had refused two hesitant contracts supported by coalition leaders. There was some news concerning the Aviation department and these was as highlighted here. On 10/9, there was news about how the Airlines were reducing their paper use, where they are putting most of their postings, using digital boarding passes and flight electronic version manuals. However, since the system has not fully adapted to digital versions, the paper use is still on, although at a reduced manipulation. Victoria Day, who is the Air Transport spokesperson, gave the statement (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). This was a report by Pittsburg Tribune. On 10/10, UPS Airlines public relations manager stated that the Brookley Aeroplex employees have been offered a movable sorting facility, where they are now able to work anywhere else in the company because it has plans to close down the Brookley operations. She added that the modification would enable the company to identify vital operational reserves (ATA SmartBrief). This was a report by the press-Register. On 10/11, which was on Wednesday of that week, there was reporting that the California aerospace team was targeting to modify its commercial aircraft departures. The team situated at the Polytechnic State University in California was striving to minimize the noise, and speed up takeoffs of commercial airplanes.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NASA gave out a token of $4.5 million grant to establish an aircraft that would improve commercial air voyage. The following day which was on 10/12, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), rewarded Boeing $3.1 million for its Green Skies Inventor 2 (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Neil Planzer, Boeing personnel, stated that Green Skies 2 design signified another vital achievement while Boeing helped reinforce the implementation of NextGen. This was a report from Air Transport World. Moreover, the Association Press, as well as CNN, reported on Thursday 10/13 that there was a likelihood that American Airlines encounter increased in MRO prices. The Original item producers, who were becoming more influential with minimal competition in the maintenance field, could affect the bottom line airplanes, a statement given by the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Europe in the 2011 meeting. On Friday 10/14, the company highlighted that the present report by the Government Accountability Office discov ered a jagged rise in air traffic Controller faults and occurrences encompassing illegal planes, people and vehicles on runways (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). The regulators errors that permitted planes to take off too close to each other simultaneously have almost doubled in the past three years, although the FAA stated that the rise was the outcome of enhanced reporting. Nevertheless, the report by GAO denoted that the most significant occurrences, which nearly resulted in a crash, went down to 6 in 2010 from 53 that was reported in 2001 (ATA SmartBrief). Still on the same day, City Business Journals reported that, on Thursday, the United Airlines proclaimed that Boeing had completed construction of the first 787 Dreamliner carriers, and the firm anticipated it would be the country’s first carrier acquiring a jet well referred to as the state-of-the-art jet. The aircraft was developed using light complex materials and that it had been handed over to the All Nippon Airways of Japan during the last month. Continental Airlines, as well as United Airlines, have each requested 25 of the 787 jets. Note that the two Air companies are planning to merge. The Plain Dealer (Cleveland) published news concerning the Energy Bulletin. The first bulletin on this was produced on 10/9 where Airline industry sloped up efforts to establish biofuels. Airlines on the globe have anticipated to create around 220 million tons of fuel this year producing up to 650 million tons of carbon discharge (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Therefore, the industry is struggling to come up with biofuels because the price of fuels has continued to rise and coold compel firms to minimize emissions. On 10/10, the ATA SmartBrief reported that Bilal Borman, who is a NASA researcher, together with his workmates were rising plants rich in oil hoping that they would enhance production of aviation biofuels. Such first-generations have been in use in motor vehicle industry for a long time, but these fuels have not been an alternative fuels for airplanes (ATA SmartBrief). Besides, The New York Post reported on the same day that Columinist Patrick Michaels, who is a superior individual in environmental learning at the institute of Cato, illustrated how Europe prepared to impose a tax on planes flying into and outside its airports. The reason given by Europe concerning the issue is that global warming is extreme, and in order to take full responsibility, they have to tax the planes. The Aviation and Space Technology personnel reported on 10/11 that the worldwide airline industry and the governments’ exterior to the European Union have presently been increasing their exertion to prevent enclosure in the emissions-business systems of the European Union. The association of air transport conveyed a contest against the system that a European Union judge advocate presently authorized that the emissions-business system had a legal legislation. On 10/11, the company reported that LanzaTech and Vi rgin Atlantic have joined hands to establish a low-carbon airliner fuel that can be helpful in the carrier aircraft of the passengers. The two firms are planning to develop a skill that will capture the waste gases from the steel industry. The gases are to be captured, uproar and chemically transformed through the technology of biofuels obtained from Sweden and to be used as jet fuel. ATA SmartBrief reported on Wednesday 12th that United Airline and Boeing associated to emphasize modifications in passenger air travel that were minimizing the jet discharge. For instance, the organization is effectively developing biofuels to reduce fuel expenditure (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). This was a report by Chicago Tribune. Moreover, there was news concerning the Virent Energy Systems which is said to be generating 100 percent of renewable jet fuel. The system developed a plant-centered jet fuel which is 100 percent renewable and has successfully gone through a range of examination by the Air Force Research Laboratory. â€Å"These AFRL outcomes are amusing since they illustrate the potential of Virent Energy catalytic procedure to develop renewable plant-centered jet fuel that can be excellent in comparison to the petroleum-based jet fuel requirements at 100 percent concentration† (ATA SmartBrief, 2011) Aaron Imrie who is the manager of commercial fuels at Virent said. On 10/13, the company highlighted news that the production was evaluating the significance of biofuels to aviation. A collection of insiders from aviation was congregated in Copenhagen Denmark to talk about the role of the industry in advancing clean energy. All these steps are taken towards production of biofuels. This is because several individuals believe that aviation could gain from it since it has minimized fueling points in comparison to other transportation modes. This was a publication by the BioFuelsDigest.com. Reference ATA SmartBrief 2011, American Airlines, Air Transport Association. New Yor k. Available from:  https://www.smartbrief.com/ [ 15 October 2011].

That Dark Type is Called Boldface

That Dark Type is Called Boldface That Dark Type is Called Boldface That Dark Type is Called Boldface By Maeve Maddox In comparing style manuals, I came across these instructions: Never underline text. If you need to call attention to certain words, use body copy that is bolded or italic. St Anselm style guide Bolded? We talk about italic type, serif type, and sanserif type. Whats wrong with boldface? Its not as if bolded saves any syllables. Use body copy that is boldface or italic. Apparently bolded is creeping into use: This is a discussion on Compressing bolded type within the Adobe Acrobat forums in Adobe Tools category; Notice the bolded type sandwiched between lighter weight typefaces. a lighter blue that will only be legible if you combine it with a larger font size or at least as in this example a bolded type On the other hand, not everyone has opted for that ugly johnny-come-lately: A single syllable or letter in boldface type in the stems marks the position of the accent throughout this grammar. Use the word â€Å"Abstract† as the title, in 12-point Times, boldface type, centered relative to the column, Authors names in boldface type, subjects or titles in lightface type. Bolded indeed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionWriting Styles (with Examples)

Financial analysis in healthcare Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial analysis in healthcare - Coursework Example The performance of an organization comprises of the measured actual output of an organization against the set target output. A positive correlation exists between organizational performance and financial effectiveness. The real organizational output increases with financial stability and effective investment decisions. Economic effectiveness is particularly important for organizational performance based on its influence on the profits, return on investments and the return on the assets of an organization. For the initially invested funds to generate returns, subsequent investments that aim at building the capacity for production are made (Turner, 2011). These investments depend on the stability of a firm’s financial framework. When more profits are generated, the amount of resources reinvested and the reserves increase. The expansion of the investment of an organization holding other factors constant results to increased profitability and returns. An effective investment requires an effective financial strategy in order to generate real returns and produce the maximum yield. Every investment opportunity is faced with uncertainty and risk. Organizations with a sound investment and financial base are bound to survive bad times in the business cycle such as depressions and recessions. Organiza tions with unstable financial strategies are most likely to close down operations during these bad times. How well an organization performs in terms of competitiveness and market share are a function of its investment and financial strategies. An organization with an effective investment and economic base competes effectively in the market through proper investment of adequate resources to support its brand and hence excellent organizational performance. Organizations with an adequate financial history can attract a wide range of stakeholders that matter to the organizational

Cash Flows Analysis and Financial Statements Assignment

Cash Flows Analysis and Financial Statements - Assignment Example Since the employees require stability of tenure, they would not want a situation whereby the company doesn’t guarantee their jobs. The management is interested in this information since it would want to know its performance and review the weak points which need to be improved. The information is important to the management since it needs to provide periodic reports on the company’s performance. The potential investors need to evaluate whether the company is a good investment opportunity. Without proper information, the company could not be an attractive investment opportunity since it would lack transparency. Eventually creditors and suppliers need to evaluate the financial information in order to find out whether this company is credit worth. They would want to find out whether they could extend credit facilities in terms of money or goods. Question 2: Most of the financial information is usually published in journals, magazines and annual reports. Some of these report s are usually given during the annual general meeting to the shareholders and potential investors. Other sources which can be utilized could include online sources such as the company websites or online journals and magazines such as www.businessweekly.com. This information evaluates in a snapshot the riskiness of the company and whether it is advisable to invest in it. other analysts normally obtain this information in order to try and predict the future performance of the company either in the short or in the long term. Question 7: Ratio analysis was formulated to basically try and provide a synopsis of the company’s performance. Ratio analysis is obtained through dividing very important to the organization since it basically evaluates the company’s financial statements and provides recommendations. Ratio analysis also tries to judge a company’s efficiency while locating the weaknesses and coming up with action plans. Ratios form a very important tool in terms of comparing different companies and their performance in the industry. Question 15: Managers tend to utilize the market value ratios in different manners such as in instances of potential mergers and acquisitions. These market value ratios such as price earnings ratio and book value ratio normally impact on the performance of management. When these ratios are high, it indicates that the management is doing a good job while if they are low then the converse is true. The managers could affect these ratios in an indirect manner since these ratios depend on the perception of investors. Much of the impact on these ratios is usually from the outside world hence the impact of managers could be curtailed and limited. Question 16: This is not usually possible since the management usually have the ability to manipulate financial information to portray the company’s image in good light. The seriousness of this practice usually ranges from interpreting accounting rules favorably to a s ituation of fraud. The function of auditors is to try as much as possible to prevent this practice leading to mis stated financial information. In some circumstances, the auditors are the ones who perpetrate this practice by deceiving the public in order to gain fame with the management of the client firm. QUESTION 25 (A) PROTEK COMPANY LIMITED COMMON SIZE INCOME

The Transition From Disease Prevention To Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

The Transition From Disease Prevention To Health Promotion Essay Living a healthy lifestyle is the current trend in the United States.   Eating healthy, exercising regularly, and abstaining from behaviors that can be detrimental to our health is promoted everywhere we go.   Still, the statistics for the leading causes of death in the U.S. are shocking.   Especially when we realize that there are steps we can take to lesson our risk of becoming just another statistic. According to â€Å"The National Center for Health Statistics,† the top five, leading causes of death in the United States are:   1. Heart Disease kills 651,696 each year.   2.   Malignant Neoplasms or Cancer kills 559,228 each year.   3.   Cerebrovascular Disease or strokes kills 143,449 each year.   4.   Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease including chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma kills 130,896 each year.   5.   Unintentional injury kills 116,669 each year. (WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report, 2008) Gender, family history and race are contributing factors that will help determine whether or not we acquire any of these diseases.   A lifetime of unhealthy living is also a contributor. In comparison to the five leading causes of death in the United States, the five leading causes of death in New York State are 1.   Heart Disease kills 51,963 each year.   2. Malignant Neoplasms kills 35,552 each year.   3.   Chronic Low Respiratory Disease kills 6,818 each year.   4.   Cerebrovascular or strokes kill 6,617 each year.   5.   Influenza and Pneumonia kills 5,509 each year.   (WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report, 2008) Some of the preventive measures that we can take against disease are: abstain from the use of tobacco products, eat a healthy well balanced diet (eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, limited amounts of cholesterol, red meats, sugars and saturated fats), regular exercise (thirty minutes at least three times a week), maintain a healthy weight, limited alcohol consumption, regular cancer screenings, vaccines if applicable and drug therapy if necessary. There are also some less conventional methods of disease prevention.   Many people take vitamin supplements regularly to insure that they are getting enough of the vitamins that they need.   Meditation and other spiritual activities are practiced in order to control the stress in ones life.   Education is also an important prevention measure and it’s never too young to start.  Ã‚   Healthy children are more likely to maintain a healthy lifestyle in adulthood.   Prevention is not a guarantee against diseases, but it can certainly make a difference in our quality of life as well as the length of our life. Works Cited Cancer Trends Progress Report-2007 Update. (2007, December 6). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from National Cancer Institute: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/doc.asp?pid=1did=2007mid=vcolchid=71 Research, M. F. (1998-2008). Heart disease prevention: 5 strategies to keep your heart healthy. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from Revolution Health: http://www.revolutionhealth.com/conditions/heart/coronary-artery-disease/prevention/prevent-heart-disease Stroke. (2003, September 2). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from All Refer: http://health.allrefer.com/health/stroke-info.html Thoenen, E. (2003, September). Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/hsc/pubs/Clrd/CLRD2003.pdf WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Report. (2008, January 23). Retrieved September 24, 2008, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html

Great Grey Owls Essay -- essays research papers fc

Great Gray Owls   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I learned many interesting things by reading this article on great grey owls. I really had no knowledge of this species before I began, but I now have a certain respect for them because of the familiarity I have gained. One interesting aspect of these owls is their hunting methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The great gray owl is a very aggressive hunter when it finds its prey. â€Å"These owls don’t just pounce, the plunge† (Warren, p.78). First, they locate their prey with the help of their large facial disk that funnels sound to their ears. Then, they tuck their extremely sharp hooked-shaped claws under their chin and torpedo headfirst towards the ground to snatch their next meal. In winter, when there is snow on the ground, the owl plunges into the snow. After a successful dive, it wiggles out from below the surface of the snow and takes its food to a safe spot to eat. These owls are so powerful when they hunt, they can shatter snow crust thick enough to hold a 180 pound person. I don’t think they will be losing too many meals with that kind of force. This hunting technique these owls use gives them a great advantage over other birds in the winter, because others must go to a place where the snow is not so thick. Great gray owls eat a variety of rodents in the lower 48 states, but stick to mostly voles in Canada and Alaska. These small rodents make up 80-90% of their diet. In the winter, adult gray owls can assume up to one-th...

McGregor -Theory X and Theory Y Essay

McGregor, an American psychologist, built upon earlier studies into the psychology of the workplace. From these studies he constructed a model of management attitudes, and from this model demonstrated that managers, wittingly or unwittingly, strongly dictated the type and attitude of workers in their employ. McGregor firstly examined the work of Taylor. In the early 1900’s the Classical and Scientific (Taylorian) schools of management, suggested that workers were to be given tasks in their simplest forms. Within such Taylorian businesses, the role of management was to ensure that the simplest, most efficient, and productive working methods were used. Employees would have nothing to contribute but their labour. It can be argued that the early success of Ford Motors was to a large part due to the implementation of this structure. The second element McGregor used was the more recently developed Human Relations School. Studies performed by students of the Human Relations School, such as Mayo, found that many employees would produce higher levels of output, and be more aware of quality issues, if they are brought into the decision making that affected their jobs, rather than being just told what to do, and how to do it . There was a recognition by the Human Relations School that employees would have needs over and above those of financial needs. And if these needs were at least partially satisfied workers would become able to contribute to the more efficient operation of the business organisation. McGregor then put forward the idea that in the main, it was managers that created the two types of worker, and if this were so, managers had the ability to, over time, change the psychology of their employees. He called the two types of managers -Theory X and Theory Y ? The Theory X Manager The first of these management styles, is founded upon the â€Å"assumption of the mediocrity of the masses†. The Theory X type of manager makes several assumptions about his employees, (none of them good): ? Workers must be supervised, or quality and quantity of output will fall ? Workers only respect the type of boss that tells them what to do, and does so with complete authority ? Money is the only motivator ? Workers do not want to be involved in the decision making process ? Workers wish to remain faceless and unknown to management ? Workers have little ambition, they wish to remain ‘one of the boys’ ? The Theory Y Manager The Theory Y manager of course believes that the reverse is true. He starts with several positive assumptions about his employees. ? Workers cannot be motivated by money alone, they seek more than financial satisfaction from their jobs. ? Workers are ambitious, willing to train, and contribute to improve their chances of promotion. ? Workers will be more efficient if they are left to their own devices. Trust breeds responsibility. ? Workers want to contribute to improving efficiency. They want to be seen, noticed, rewarded and appreciated when they work well. ? The impact of Theory X and Theory Y managers on Businesses. If managers behave in the ways indicated above, there must be many company wide implications for all hierarchically structured businesses (i.e. all medium to large businesses). The main areas of impact will be in: ? The use of job enrichment and enlargement ? Empowerment ? Delegation and methods of communication ? Hierarchical structure To use a quote from McGregor â€Å"The theoretical assumptions management hold about controlling its human resources, determine the whole character of the enterprise.† ? Consequences of Theory Y Managers The above quote indicates that Theory Y managers are likely to create an open structure, with both formal and informal paths of communication, and delegated powers. Workers will be given responsibilities, and a wider range of tasks. In the case of Theory Y managers, managers are facilitators. It is likely that managers will adopt a Democratic Style – this is based on encouraging participation in decision making. In the case of Theory Y managers the consequences for the firm will be: ? Requirement for training ? Use of cell working – restructuring of production and service methods ? Setting up of formal communication channels, with both vertical and lateral communication. ? Promotion structures ? Flexible working practices ? Consequences of Theory X Managers But on the other hand, if managers are employed who believe that workers have little or no ambition, wish to be left alone, must not be involved in the wider business environment and must be supervised if they are to maintain quality and quantity of work, then a reverse set of consequences arise. In this case these Theory X managers are likely to be Autocratic managers who are objective and task setters, controlling and dictating operations. The consequences to the firm include: ? Strict control of formal methods of communication ? Tasks must be designed so they are broken down into their simplest units ? Responsibilities must be clear and unambiguous ? Supervisors must maintain quality. ? High level of dependence on decision making of senior management ? Conclusions The essence of this theory is that the managers will, over a period of time, dictate how workers behave. So if we have a Theory Y manager positioned in a business where workers have previously behaved within the Theory X pattern, it is quite possible for the existing workers to be transformed from being uncooperative, de-motivated, and unconcerned with the success of the business to become contributors, motivated to improve quality, output and ambitious for personal and company success. It also follows from this, that lack of motivation amongst workers and poor quality of output, is a management created problem. It is the role of management to create methods of production and management of Human Resources that will allow these resources to realise their full potential. It is of course quite possible that some organisations might benefit from the Theory X manager, after all it is sometimes necessary to gain control, especially when previous management have let organisations become unwieldy or uncoordinated. It can therefore be seen that for most businesses especially those wishing to use the latest production and motivational methods, the Theory Y manager is appropriate. But there can be cases where a dose of Theory X is exactly what a business needs.

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism by Forrest Cameranesi In this essay I will present a summary and critique of Plato’s dialogue Crito, focusing especially on Socrates’ arguments in favor of his obligatory obedience to the Athenian state’s death sentence.In response I will argue the position that no one naturally holds any obligation to obey the arbitrary commands of another (or any body of others such as a state), and further that no one can come to hold such obligations even by contract; although people may still be obligated to obey commands issued to them, when what is commanded is obligatory independent of it being commanded by anyone.Thus I will argue that that if, as both Socrates and Crito presume, the command that Socrates be executed is contrary to true justice (that is, contrary to any natural moral obligations, independent of its legality), then Socrates has no obligation to obey it; and in fact those tasked to carry o ut the order are morally obligated to disobey it, and by their obedience become conspirators to a moral crime. The dialogue begins with Socrates in prison, awakening to Crito’s presence in his cell, Crito having bribed the guards to gain entry.After brief pleasantries and some talk of when the day of Socrates’ execution will fall, Crito admits to Socrates that his purpose there is to free him from prison and take him abroad to Thessaly, which he assures him can be successfully done thanks to the aid of a number of foreign benefactors. But Socrates is hesitant to leave, believing himself obliged to remain and allow his punishment to be completed, even though his sentence, they both concede, is unjust.Still, Socrates is eager to be convinced otherwise, if Crito can do so by means of reason, and so Crito plies Socrates with many arguments in favor of his escape, arguing not only that it is possible and desirable to escape, and that Socrates could live well outside of Athe ns, but that it is the just thing to do: for the sake of the welfare of his children, who will suffer without his care; for the sake of standing fast against his enemies in the state of Athens, who are attempting to wrong him by this sentence; and for the sake of his friends’ reputations, which will be besmirched by those who know either Socrates nor his friends, and will think that Socrates died only because his friends could not or would not buy his freedom. But Socrates dismisses these arguments, especially the last, arguing at length that the opinions of the many are not a relevant consideration in any such decision; a very important argument, to which I will return later in this essay. For now the relevant point is that Socrates' only concern, in the question of whether or not to escape, is whether or not escaping is just; not what people at large may think of their decision or what other consequences may follow from it.On the topic of justice, and counter to Critoâ€⠄¢s argument that Socrates is obliged to fight back against wrongs committed against him, Socrates suggests (and Crito accepts) the principle that to return harm for harm is harmful, to return evil for evil is evil, to return injustice for injustice is unjust, etc. ; and thus that such vengeance ought not be perpetrated, for it is just as harmful, evil and unjust as the act being avenged, and one must never do such wrongs.Socrates considers it harmful and unjust to the state to disobey its laws, and feels thus obligated to obey them instead, for to do otherwise would be harmful, unjust, and wrong; and here I disagree with Socrates. Though I accept his principle of justice, that one must not return wrongs in kind for to do so is merely to do more wrong, I do not believe that merely resisting attempted harm to oneself necessarily harms the attacker; and even if the attacker does suffer harm from the resistance it is as a result of his own wrongdoing, not any wrongdoing on the part of the defendant.If someone attempts to strike at me, I step out of his way, and he falls on his face as a consequence, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. If he attempts to strike at me, I hold up a shield, and he injures his fist upon it, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. Somewhat more analogously to the case at hand, â€Å"harm† may come to a street gang initiate whose initiation task is to mug me, inasmuch as he loses his status within the gang (and perhaps the gang itself loses status in the community), should I evade him and escape; but certainly I did not do that harm, though it was a consequence of my actions.Likewise, â€Å"harm† may come to the state as a consequence of successful disobedience against it, inasmuch as its power and thus its authority will be less respected, but this is not the same as the disobedient one directly harming the state, say in the way a foreign conqueror would. None of these situations involve doing anything directly to harm the aggressor, but rather only the consequences of the aggressor’s own actions failing. Thus, such resistance is not prohibited by the principle that one ought never do harm, for one is not doing harm merely by evading harm, even if harm indirectly results as a consequence of such evasion.Certainly we would not say that it is obligatory to allow oneself to be assaulted or robbed, even if we say that to retaliate in kind is forbidden. In all these circumstances, the aggressors are being harmed as a consequence of their own actions; and in the latter two cases, of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve.In my third example, as in the case before Socrates and Crito, the only loss suffered is a loss of reputation and the power that reputation often entails. This connection between reputation and power is an important facet of my argument, for it is self-evident to me that the only significant power the state itself has is its reputation, the respect and obedience that people give to it; with no obedient subjects to enforce its laws over those who are not so obedient, or with insufficient portions of the populace willing to tolerate such enforcement, the state would have no power.In fact I argue that in such a case the state would not exist; and really, that no states ever truly exist, in any strict sense. There are merely masses of people, with an assortment of opinions on what is good, bad, morally neutral, permissible, impermissible, and obligatory; all of whom exert whatever influence they can manage, by whatever means they find best, to see that their opinions on such matters are enforced — that justice, as they understand it, prevails. And when some person or block of people manages to secure sufficiently unchallenged influence ver the behavior of the other people in an area (that is, when sufficient people act to enforce one code of behavior and a sufficient portion of the remainder tolerate them), we falsely attribute the existence of some sort of social entity above and beyond the collection of individual people, and call that entity the â€Å"state†. But even a monarch only has his power because enough people believe in and support the monarchy, and enough of the remainder tolerate it; as has been demonstrated wherever a monarchy was overthrown from within by a democratic revolution.It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that democracy entails legitimacy; it only means that all states are on some deep level democratic, differing only in the degree that the people delegate their power to other people, in effect casting their vote as â€Å"whatever he says. † The prevailing opinions may still be entirely wrong; I merely claim that it will nearly always be the majority opinion which prevails. I say â⠂¬Å"nearly† because this phenomenon is dependent upon the relatively small differences in true personal power between most individuals, which are quickly diluted in larger groups, but still present in sufficiently small groups. A knight may be stronger and more skilled than any peasant, but it does not take many fed-up peasants working together to counter the power of that knight, so as the size of the group the knight is a part of grows, his relative power over the whole group decreases rapidly, unless it is bolstered by the support or at least tolerance of other members of the group.Thus for groups of any significant size, the differences in personal power between individuals can be safely ignored, and so the determining factor is not who supports a position but how many support it). The opinions of the people who encompass the legislature of this â€Å"state† — be it one person as in an absolute monarchy, some minority in an oligarchy, or the majority in a dir ect democracy — then become â€Å"the law†.Those things judged by such people as obligatory become required by law; those things judged as forbidden become prohibited by law; and those things judged as permissible are allowed by the law. But in any form of government, especially in a direct democracy such as ancient Athens, the laws of men are nothing but the opinions of men backed by power, that power resting ultimately in the will of the majority; the only differences between government thus being the degree and structure of power delegation, and what the opinions of those delegates are.With it thus established that states are no more than masses of people and their laws no more than the opinions of said people backed by power, not only do I object to Socrates’ insistence that he must be obedient to the state’s death sentence, but it is plainly obvious to me that Socrates himself ought to conclude this, if he was to be consistent with his own earlier po sition that the opinions of men, as such, are irrelevant, no matter what power they may be backed by. But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many? † says Socrates. â€Å"Good men †¦ are the only persons who are worth considering†. Crito eventually concedes this point, agreeing that the opinions of the many are irrelevant; only the opinions of good men matter. But what is it that makes a man good? Is that not part of what is at question here: which sorts of acts are right and which are wrong, which are just or unjust? (A good man, I take it, being one who acts rightly or justly).Certainly being good cannot be merely being seen as good in the eyes of the many, or supporting the commands of the many, for then the opinions of the many and the opinions of good men could never conflict, as good men by definition would always be of the opinion that the majority is right; and Socrates' statements differentiating their opinions would make no sense. So Socrates must agree that goodness is something objective, independent of the opinions of the many.Yet in the dialogue, after Socrates and Crito discuss at some length their agreement to disregard the opinions of the many in considering what ought or ought not be done, and to consider only what is or is not just, Socrates proclaims â€Å"From these premises I proceed to argue the question whether I ought or ought not to try to escape without the consent of the Athenians†. But from where does this concern for the consent of the Athenians come, when we have just disregarded the opinions of the many (in this case the many of Athens); for what is consent if not simply the opinion that something ought to be permitted?Socrates answers, in the voice of the Laws of Athens (speaking to him): â€Å"You, Socrates, are breaking the covenants and agreements which you made with us at your leisure, not in any haste or under any compulsion or deception, but having had seventy years to thi nk of them, during which time you were at liberty to leave the city, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. In short, Socrates is concerned with his obedience to the people of Athens (or at least the government collectively representing them) because he feels he has implicitly agreed to be bound by the decisions of the Athenian government by remaining in the city. But in response I argue that no one can, by any contract implicit or explicit, alter the natural moral obligations which are binding on all men at all times.The most exemplary and broadly agreeable instantiation of this principle is that one cannot sell oneself into slavery, for all men have natural rights (which is to say, obligations naturally owed to them by others) which they cannot give up even if they so choose.For instance, if we grant that all are naturally obliged to refrain from striking me except in such instances as I consent to them doing so, then while I may vary whethe r or not I consent to be struck, and thus vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me at that moment, I cannot vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me contrary to my consent, for it is naturally obligatory that none do so. That is, I cannot, in a morally binding way, agree that â€Å"henceforth so-and-so may strike me as he pleases regardless of my consent at that moment†.Any such contract offering terms contrary to natural obligations is invalid; and thus contracts of slavery, whereby one waives all of ones natural rights (which is to say, all obligations naturally owed to oneself by others), are the epitome of invalid contracts. This relates to the situation at hand with Socrates and Crito in that a contract to obey the arbitrary commands of some entity (e. g. the state of Athens), provided only that they are issued forth in prescribed proper manner (e. . by the formal proceedings of the Athenian court) and otherwise irrespective of the con tents of those commands, seems to me no different than a contract to slavery, with the entity in question (the state) as the slave master; for what is slavery but complete subjugation to the arbitrary will of another? Socrates himself admits this similarity, saying (once again in the voice of the Laws, speaking to himself) â€Å"can you deny in the first place that you are our child and slave? Yet Socrates has a reply here as well, already quoted above: he has had many years in which he was free to leave the city if he did not wish to be bound by its laws, and by remaining he has implicitly agreed to be bound by them. Certainly a man cannot be a slave if he is free to leave his bonds at any time. But I respond that even such â€Å"voluntary† bonds are contractually invalid, for remaining on the lands of another still does not make one subject to the arbitrary will of the landowner. The only obligation owed to the owner of some property, as such, is to refrain from acting upo n his property contrary to his consent.Likewise the only punishment the property owner may apply simply for disobeying his commands (but not violating any natural obligations, e. g. harming someone or their property, which may warrant further punishment) is to refuse him the use of his property; in the case of land, ejecting him from the premises. By voluntarily entering and remaining in my home, my guests do not become subject to my arbitrary authority, to be enforced as I see fit; at most I have the authority to eject them from my home, if I grow tired of their presence there.Nor by voluntarily entering a corporate office do I become subject to the authority of the corporation, beyond the revocability of my permission to remain therein. Likewise, even if we grant that the city of Athens is the property of the state of Athens (i. e. of its people collectively, rather than parcelled out into individually owned plots), the greatest punishment morally justified simply for behaving in ways the state dislikes (but not in any way which is truly unjust) is banishment from the city.Thus, while the state may have the moral authority to forbid and punish legitimate injustices (which I agree it does, though no more so than any individual), it does not have the moral authority to enforce its arbitrary will upon those who reside within its borders; it merely has the authority to eject them from its lands if it chooses to do so, for which it needs no cause at all, if it is indeed the legitimate owner of those lands.Thus if Socrates truly believes that he has done nothing unjust, then he should not (if accepts my principle regarding contracts and natural obligations) feel subject to the punishment decreed for him, though he may concede the state’s authority to banish him, if he holds the state to be the legitimate owner of the city.I would further question whether it is right to presume that a state is the legitimate owner of its territory (rather than each citizen o wning their own portion in private, as well as some public portions in common), and thus whether it even has the authority to banish the disobedient; but that is another lengthy topic, for which I do not have room in this essay. In conclusion, I see no reason for Socrates to consider the will of the people of Athens (as channeled via their government) binding pon him; and I believe he should seek an answer to the question at hand, whether or not to escape from his punishment, solely by asking whether he has done anything to warrant that punishment — and it appears that he believes he has not. There is no guarantee that his opinion on this matter is correct; the state of Athens may in fact be correct, and thus Socrtes’ punishment just. But to defer to the public opinion over one’s best judgment is never epistemologically sound.Men of reason do not turn to authority, even democratic authority, to answer questions of biology or chemistry or physics, but instead we appeal to evidence and sound logical arguments to determine the answers; and I see no reason why questions of ethics should be subject to any less rigorous and independent methodologies. By denying that any person, text, or institution has any special epistemic or alethic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal the truth, or to create it by fiat), we do not deny the existence of objective truth.Nor by denying that any king, law book, or legislature has any special deontic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal our obligations, or to create them by fiat) do we deny that there are objective standards of justice. In both cases we merely concede that we are all in the same standing regarding truth or justice, respectively; and we leave it to each individual to seek it for themselves, to sway others with arguments where they can, and to act upon it as they deem necessary or appropriate, regardless of decrees or prior agreements to the contrary.

The eNotes Blog The Great American Teach-Off for2013!

The Great American Teach-Off for2013! Know a teacher who could use and deserves $10,000? Well, hurry, as it is almost last call for nominating an educator who shows innovation and dedication to their craft.   The $10,000 classroom grant will be awarded by GOOD Partnerships and the University of Phoenix. There will be twenty finalists selected from teachers of grades Kindergarten through Twelfth this  February 15, 2013 at noon PT.    Voting for the finalists begins March 4 and in a course of five weeks, the GOOD community will vote for their favorite teacher. At the end of the five weeks, the top voted K through 6 teacher and top voted 7 through 12 teacher will each receive a $10,000 classroom grant. What are the judge looking for? [T]eachers that are not only changing the lives of their students, but also their community. We want to hear all about the teachers that are integrating technology into the classroom, doing community outreach with their students, or pushing their students to learn and think in different ways so that they can graduate successfully and achieve beyond the classroom. For ideas and inspiration, you can watch videos of last years winners,  Terry Dougherty  and  Ã‚  Daryl Bilandzija.   Good luck to all the great candidates out there and dont forget: the deadline for applications is this Friday!

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius You cant simply whip out a yardstick or ruler to measure the size of an  atom. These  building blocks  of all matter  are much too small, and, since  electrons  are always in motion, the diameter of an atom is a bit fuzzy. Two measures used to describe atomic size are  atomic radius and  ionic radius. The two are very similar- and in some cases, even the same- but there are minor and important differences between them. Read on to learn more about these two ways to measure an atom. Key Takeaways: Atomic vs Ionic Radius There are different ways to measure the size of the atom, including atomic radius, ionic radius, covalent radius, and van der Waals radius.The atomic radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom. In other words, it is half the diameter of an atom, measuring across the outer stable electrons.The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. This value may be the same as the atomic radius, or it may be larger for anions and the same size of smaller for cations.Both atomic and ionic radius follow the same trend on the periodic table. Generally, radius decreases moving across a period (row) and increases moving down a group (column). Atomic Radius The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron of a neutral atom. In practice, the value is obtained by measuring the diameter of an atom and dividing it in half. The radii of neutral atoms ranges from 30 to 300 pm or trillionths of a meter. The atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of the  atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may actually refer to the  ionic radius,  as well as the  covalent radius, metallic radius, or  van der Waals radius. Ionic Radius The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. Values range from 30 pm to over 200 pm. In a neutral atom, the atomic and ionic radius are the same, but many elements exist as anions or cations. If the atom loses its outermost electron (positively charged or cation), the ionic radius is smaller than the atomic radius because the atom loses an electron energy shell. If the atom gains an electron (negatively charged or anion), usually the electron falls into an existing energy shell so the size of the ionic radius and atomic radius are comparable. The concept of ionic radius is further complicated by the shape of atoms and ions. While particles of matter are often depicted as spheres, they arent always round. Researchers have discovered chalcogen ions are actually ellipsoid in shape. Trends in the  Periodic Table Whichever method you use to describe atomic size, it displays a trend or periodicity in the periodic table. Periodicity refers to the recurring trends that are seen in the element properties.  These trends became apparent to  Demitri Mendeleev  when he arranged the elements in order of increasing mass. Based on the properties that were displayed  by the known elements, Mendeleev was able to predict where there were holes in his table, or elements yet to be discovered. The  modern periodic table  is very similar to Mendeleevs table but today, elements are ordered by increasing  atomic number, which reflects  the number of protons  in an atom. There arent any undiscovered elements,  although new elements  can be created that have even higher numbers of protons. Atomic and ionic radius increase as you move down a column (group) of the periodic table because an electron shell is added to the atoms. Atomic size decreases as you move across a row- or period- of the table because the increased number of protons exerts a stronger pull on the electrons. Noble gasses are the exception. Although the size of a noble gas atom does increase as you move down the column, these atoms are larger than the preceding atoms in a row. Sources Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., p.1385). Wiley. 1988. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1960Wasastjerna, J. A. On the Radii of Ions.  Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn.  1  (38): 1–25. 1923

Uses of Electron Microscope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Uses of Electron Microscope - Essay Example The light microscope was invented in the 17th century from the Galilean telescope. Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutchman developed one of the early microscopes which consisted of a powerful convex lens and an adjustable holder for the object being studied. This instrument had a magnifying power of 400x and protozoa, spermatozoa, bacteria and shape of the red blood cells were discovered by Leeuwenhoek (FEI company, 2008). This microscope had only one lens and was called a single microscope. An improvement on this was compound microscope wherein another convex lens was added to magnify the image produced by the first lens. A modern light microscope has a magnification of as high as 1000x and thus enables resolution of objects separated by 0.0002mm (FEI Company, 2008). The resolving power of light microscope had 3 limiting factors: lenses, quality of lenses and the wavelength of light used for illumination. Some improvements in the light microscope were made using these aspects. Blue or ul traviolet light with shorter wavelength gave a small improvement. Further improvement in the resolution was noticed when the specimen and the front of the objective lens were immersed in a medium like oil with high refractive index (FEI Company, 2008). As early as the middle of 19th century, microscopists realized that structures less than half a micrometer could not be resolved with a light microscope. At the same time, researchers had hinted at the possibility of improvement in the resolution of the microscope using electrons rather than light. This is because accelerated electrons behave in a vacuum just like light, they travel in straight lines and have a wavelength which is about 100,000 times smaller than that of light.  

Crimes on Campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crimes on Campus - Essay Example The intent of the bullying person is to gain power over the victim. An individual is said to be bullied when he finds it difficult to protect himself from recurring harmful actions from another person or a group of persons. Bullying students are usually very outgoing and bold without any idea of indignity or remorse; whereas, the bullied ones are already very introverted and hesitant, which makes them prone to bullying. Smith and Sharp assert that school bullying involves â€Å"5-10 per cent of children as being bullied and about 5 per cent of children as bullying others† (5). They state that bullying is generally out of sight of the school authorities, because the bullied students and their peers hesitate in informing their teachers about the bully, and that is why it keeps on going. The National Association of School Psychologists (as cited in Shore 5) estimates that â€Å"160,000 children miss school every day for fear of being bullied†. The description of bullying i s not complete until we describe the aspects of bullying. Bullying can be of various types. Some of these are: Oral bullying: shouting, calling names and spreading rumors about the victim Written bullying: nasty letters and text messages Physical bullying: kicking, hitting, slapping, punching and pushing Isolating the victim from social gatherings Making the victim do things he does not want to do Making the victim feel ashamed of his race, color, religion and language Sexual harassment Cyber bullying: teasing through nasty emails, chat messages and phone calls Bullying can have devastating effects on the bullied student, so much so that he may be forced to commit suicide. He may undergo hypertension, freight, loneliness, anxiety, depression, low self-worth, low grades and suicidal attempts. Glew et al. (1026-1031) found that school bullying resulted in a decline in school attendance, academic outcome, psychosocial adjustment, and psychological health of students. Bullying also crea tes bad impact on the observers of bullying. Since bullying creates an apprehensive environment on campus, students who watch someone being bullied may tend to turn away from their studies feel guilty for not stopping it; or, may even be tempted to participate and support the bullying students. Such students are called the bystanders. Rivers et al. (211-223) conducted a study regarding the mental health of those students who witness school bullying. The participants included 2,002 students aged 12 to 16 belonging to 14 schools in the United Kingdom. The researchers found that â€Å"observing bullying at school predicted risks to mental health over and above that predicted for those students who were directly involved in bullying behavior as either a perpetrator or a victim† (211). The observers are either convinced to take part in bullying or they refrain from involvement or from protecting the victim, all of which are signs of poor mental health. In order to avoid all these negative effects of bullying on campus, I recommend that school authorities should promote interpersonal and helping relationship among its students. Students’

Is Nuclear power our gate to the future (with nuclear or against ) Essay

Is Nuclear power our gate to the future (with nuclear or against ) - Essay Example The information comes from reputable sources such as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Planning and Analysis. The source has no bias because it presents a logical argument about a beneficial energy source that is expensive. I have chosen this source because it compares the cost of nuclear energy and other alternative energy sources. The author mentions ways for reducing the cost of construction of nuclear plants to make it affordable in the society. The main topic of the article is improving efficiency in nuclear power plants. It discusses innovative techniques and safety measures that can ensure nuclear energy plants maintain efficiency. The author supports nuclear power. He chooses this position because he believes that there are innovative measures that can ensure safety in nuclear power plants. Their arguments are based on latest research on technology that is useful in nuclear power plants. The source is credible because it discusses incremental innovations in the digital world, and enhancements of safety margins in an existing power plant. I have chosen this source because it provides a solution for risks involved in nuclear power plants. The dangers and effects of nuclear plants remain the greatest challenge that opponents of nuclear energy discuss. The main topic of the article is making nuclear energy sustainable. The paper analyzes and reviews the challenges that nuclear power must get through before the society accepts it as a sustainable energy source. Pearce is obviously against nuclear power as an energy source because it is not sustainable. He chose this position because of its associated environmental burdens, specifically greenhouse gas emissions and nuclear and radioactive waste disposal. In addition, he cites nuclear insecurity as a danger of nuclear energy,

Ensuring Health And Safety At Workplaces

Ensuring Health And Safety At Workplaces Introduction In our day to day lives, accidents tend to occur under different circumstances some of which can be avoided. Most accidents are attributed to carelessness of which it is believed just a little carefulness could avoid and in the process reduce the many serious injuries incurred and even at times death or decapitation. Accidents are unplanned and unfortunate events that results in damage, injuries or upsets of some kind. This is the same even at workplaces. Most accidents at work places are sometimes as a result of carelessness. These accidents can be avoided if the following measures can be taken at the places of work. Management is committed to safety in the work place, employees are informed about accident prevention, consultation between the employer and employee takes place on a regular basis, there is a trusting relationship between the employer and staff and employees have actual input into the decision-making process. Employers and employees attitude towards accidents also contribute greatly towards preventing them from occurring. If both the employer and the employee approach safety at places of work with diligence, then these cases of accidents will be greatly reduced and inefficiency due to lose of time from work by employees will be avoided. The best method to achieve this is through cooperation of the two main partners (employer and employee who may be represented by unions), an approach known as the shared responsibility model. Workplace and Injury Hazards Accidents at work are sometimes caused by a complex combination of unsafe employee behavior and unsafe working conditions. Several factors contribute to the complexity of managing safety in the workplaces. These factors include effects of some industrial diseases dont show up for years, employers may cover up a health or safety problem before the inspector arrives, employers may fail to monitor or disclose health risks and employees may fail to follow safety practices at the workplaces or engage in dangerous behavior while at work. It is also critical that organizations consider the safety of members of the public who enter the company property. Awareness of health hazards is very important. Employers should give thought to preparing for emergency health hazards. While the number of workplace injuries may level off, the direct cost of injuries does not. Moreover, workplace injuries result in several indirect costs such as damages, recruitment, inefficiency and reduced production. Men are more than twice as likely as women to have a time loss injury while with reference to age, younger workers are most likely to be injured. Logging and forestry, construction, manufacturing and transportation are among the most dangerous industries and the most common types of injuries are strains and sprains followed by contusions, crushing or bruises. The most likely body parts to be injured are in order back followed by fingers then legs. Health Hazards Health hazards can be classified into four categories. Physical agents exposure to physical elements. Biological agents (Biohazards) exposure to natural organisms. Chemical agents exposure to chemical compounds or harmful toxic substances. Ergonomically related injuries work environment related including stress, strain, fatigue and back injuries. Across the country there is growing emphasis on the health of younger workers who are the most injured. The most common injuries affecting them include electrocution and machine injuries yet a number of them are not aware of their health and safety rights and responsibilities at the workplace. Safety Regulations Every employee has fundamental rights which are:- The right to know about hazards in the workplace. The right to participate in correcting the hazards. The right to refuse dangerous work. A key element of health and safety laws is joint occupational health and safety committee which is required in every workplace. Responsibilities of these committees include to meet at least once a month, to ensure adequate records are kept regarding accidents and health hazards, to investigate and resolve complaints by employees, to participate in investigations of health and safety-related injuries, to regularly monitor health and safety programs, to monitor records of injuries and illnesses, to cooperate with safety officers investigating a complaint or accident, to develop, establish and promote health and safety programs and procedures and to obtain information from the employer and government agencies concerning existing potential hazards in the workplace. Some other federal laws are:- The hazardous product act whose primary objective is protecting consumers by regulating the sale of dangerous products. Its an important part of the Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS), which requires that suppliers label all hazardous products and provide a material safety data sheet (MSDS), on each of them which contains hazard symbol, information on the properties and composition of the product, nature of the potential hazard that may result from misuse of the product and suggested emergency treatment procedure the employer must provide training to enable employees recognize the WHMIS hazard symbols. The transportation of dangerous goods act which makes transport Canada a federal government agency responsible for handling and transporting dangerous materials by federally regulated shipping and transportation companies. It requires that the carriers should be informed of dangerous goods which should be classified according to a coding system. The Canadian center for occupational health and safety act whose objectives are to promote health and safety in the workplace and the physical and mental health of the working populace in Canada, to facilitate consultation and cooperation among federal, provincial and territorial jurisdiction and to participate by labour and management in the relevant to the Canadian circles, to aid in the progress and maintenance of policies as well as programs tailored towards the elimination of occupational hazards and finally to serve as a national center for statistics and other information relating to occupational health and safety. The center is supervised by a board of governors made up of the federal government representatives, labor and employers. Organizations are now connected electronically with the center and have access to relevant information. Safety Enforcement In the federal jurisdiction all industrial units are inspected at least once a year to confirm their safe operation. The numbers of visits depend on units accidental records and its size. During these visits, the safety may at any time enter any property of business and are given a wide range of powers as stipulated in section 14 of the Canada labour code (part 2). No law by itself can make a workplace safe. It is far more effective not to mention less costly if the responsibility for safety becomes a concern for everyone starting with top managers going down to the supervisors and lastly the employees. The top managers must set policies and make concern for health and safety of the organizations culture and strategy while the supervisors must become proficient in maintaining safety which means knowing about health and safety laws and regulations and learning communications skills in order to convey the necessary information to employees. Employees are responsible for working safely. It is imperative to train the employees so that they comprehend safety rules on how to safely operate equipment. Good safety performances should be recognized and rewarded while unsatisfactory practices be documented and corrected. Human resource professionals should ensure consistent enforcement of all safety and health rules. This is achieved through creating a safety climate in the organization and conducting health and safety audits voluntarily or as a result of being targeted by government health and safety officials. Safety climates are becoming an important factor affecting safety knowledge and motivation. Workplace Stress Workplace stress occurs where there is pressure or unrealistic job demands than the worker can deliver within the required time. It is often the conflict between the employees ability and the job demands. Senior management officials are also recognizing the importance of health issues on employee performance. Stress symptoms involve both mental health and physical health. People who are stressed may become nervous, easily provoked to anger and chronically worried about things. Exposure to stressful working conditions called job stressors which can directly influence the health and safety of employees and this is what causes workplace stress. Frequently occurring stress is known as acute stress. The general and widely recognized cause of stress is change because it requires adaptation. A substantial and prolonged stress can bring about a condition of mental, emotional and sometimes physical exhaustion known as burnout. Slight stress improves performance due to the challenge until reac hes a plateau after which it becomes too great and performance starts to decline because the employee loses the ability to cope, becomes unable to make decisions and is erratic inn behavior. Solutions to workplace stress can be curative which correct the outcome of stress or preventive which attempt to change the cause of stress. In managing stress at work, the human resource department can come up with a stress audit to evaluate the extent of dysfunctional stress hence identify the cause of stress. Organizations can also introduce fitness and employee wellness programs. These programs have a positive impact on reducing stress and absenteeism and increasing productivity. Other contemporary workplace safety issues include workplace security, sick building syndrome, workplace violence and ergonomics. The human resource managers face challenges when they have an AIDS infected employee. Its a breach of human rights laws to discriminate against AIDS infected people but just in case the other employees refuse to work with that person the employer should establish a policy and have an action plan in place before such a case arises among employees or their dependant. It must be continually stressed that top managements involvement in setting a health and safety Policies are essential and if it does not assume the leadership role, it sets example by its inaction and middle managers, first line supervisors and employees will behave accordingly. It is important to have a control process in place. Causes of accidents should be identified and eliminated, an effective training exercise should be carried out, the human resource department should use its information system to monitor for patterns of accidents or health problems and finally management should continually encourage safety awareness on the part of super visors and employees. Conclusion Occupational health and safety continues to be an imperative part of the organizations operation. It is taking the centre stage in the priorities of the human resources management. Most of the occupational health and safety acts created by the federal and provincial governments now require the establishment of safety committees in companies. The prevention of accidents is therefore key to the human resource managers, who should also focus. AIDS at the workplace is an important issue and the human resource department needs to take measures to curb severe friction among work groups or irrational actions from frightened employees that may arise as a result of HIV and AIDS cases.