Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged

Expanded Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged Network Care Plan: Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged to Elderly Populations in Mesquite Appraisal Network Nursing DX: Increased hazard for cardiovascular infection in moderately aged to old populaces in the Mesquite (75150) identified with the conduct wellbeing propensities as confirm by driving reason for mortality measurements (coronary illness, dshs.state.tx.us), higher paces of smoking/over the top liquor utilization comparative with state (countyhealthrankings.org), expanded pace of physical idleness comparative with state (countyhealthrankings.org), predominance of inactive occupations (factfinder2.census.gov), the insufficiency of dietary status and wellness offices (city-data.com; countyhealthrankings.org), and an absence of projects that offer instructive materials about the malady [no programs found in Mesquite (75150) through online search]. Network Goal: There will be a reduction in Dallas County (which incorporates 75150) in social hazard factor observation rate for cardiovascular malady from 8.6% (in 2010 overview) to 8.0%. Nursing Interventions Method of reasoning Network Outcome Criteria Assessment Potential Solutions Driving reason for mortality is coronary illness; 3,218 passings/13,966 from all sicknesses; conduct chance factor reconnaissance for 2010 for MI 4.5 % which is most elevated of every single metropolitan region in TX; for CV ailment 8.6%, which is inside the best 3 (dshs.state.tx.us) The executives, business, science and workmanship occupations comprise 27.8% of occupations; deals and office occupations establish 30.4% (different occupations more dynamic than these stationary occupations; factfinder2.census.gov); 9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com) Grown-up smoking-16%, BMI more than 30 31%, people more than 20 years announcing no relaxation time physical movement 25% gorge in addition to substantial drinking 14% (countyhealthrankings.org) Need more data to evaluate sustenance other than salary ($46,788; occupants beneath neediness level 12.1%, city-data.com); information required with respect to city as opposed to area access to recreational offices 7, constrained access to solid nourishments 8%, drive-thru eateries 53% (countyhealthrankings.org) 8.3% jobless; 82.5% secondary school or higher; 19.4% single men or higher; 5.8% alumni/proficient degree (city-data.com); Preventable medical clinic stays - 59 | proportion of occupants to PCPs 1,585:1 | uninsured 31% (countryhealthrankings.org) Survey for for chance factors, for example, family ancestry, stationary way of life, absence of physical movement, imbalanced eating routine, smoking, access to fitting clinical consideration, and wellbeing proficiency level; likewise give essential anticipation by surveying moderately aged and more seasoned populaces without cardiovascular malady. Evaluation of hazard factors is basic for early discovery of coronary illness. Hearts For Life: A Community Program on Heart Health Promotion (2003). Recovered from http://health.mo.gov/information/interventio nmica/HeartDisea seandStroke/3118 .pdf Occupants will be screened for factors adding to cardiovascular malady at neighborhood places of worship, senior focuses, nursing homes, helped living, libraries, diversion focuses, and so forth. Medical caretakers will give appropriate development and referral for consequences of worry just as give training with respect to explicit hazard factors and how to control modifiable hazard factors. Moderately aged and old inhabitants will be gotten some information about their realized hazard factors on starting screening during Fall 2014. Occupants will likewise be gotten some information about how they can by and by change their modifiable hazard factors in respects diet, practices, work out. Will demand follow up on wellbeing status at next accessible screening time (like clockwork at a particular area; fluctuated areas for screenings and evaluations consistently). Will likewise demand that families go to with more youthful individuals to start essential anticipation and help in care and inclusion in old occupants wellbeing. Inhabitants at higher hazard will be evaluated further and furnished with references to a favored center site or doctor contingent upon every occupants money related status. Allude to appraisal information above; More data required on explicit HTN predominance, elevated cholesterol commonness; Personally watched information at CC-Young Retirement Community: Many inhabitants ignorant of what prescription they are taking, particularly on the off chance that they are not self-regulating, some even unconscious of having HTN or elevated cholesterol. Lead pulse screenings at nearby houses of worship, senior focuses, nursing homes, helped living, libraries, diversion focuses, and so forth. Decreasing danger factors for CV sickness incorporate assessment of BP. Case of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Recovered from http://health.mo.gov/information/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Occupants will be screened normally at recorded areas on a month to month reason for circulatory strain. Occupant will be informed and instructed concerning ordinary and anomalous extents, signs and side effects to keep an eye out for (chest torment, SOB tipsiness, weariness, perspiring), and how to self-survey with a sphygmomanometer if at higher hazard/have abnormals. Inhabitants will likewise be given development and referral areas if higher hazard/have abnormals. Inhabitants will be tested verbally on ordinary/strange circulatory strain readings toward the finish of screenings on that equivalent day. They will likewise have the option to list in any event 3 unfavorable signs and side effects related with cardiovascular infection, toward the finish of screening that day. For higher hazard inhabitants, will have them exhibit how to take circulatory strain. Will demand occupant to carry relatives to come to next screenings so they can likewise figure out how to take circulatory strain. Those occupants at higher hazard will be surveyed further and furnished with references to a favored facility site or doctor contingent upon every inhabitants money related status. On the off chance that conceivable with financing for provisions, give free supplies to self-checking. More data required about projects offered at said areas, need to promote to open. 9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com); 4 entertainment places in Mesquite (cityofmesquite.com) Exercise programs offered at neighborhood places of worship, senior focuses, nursing homes, helped living, entertainment focuses, wellness focuses, and so on. Popularity work out schedule demonstrate to be compelling in decreasing CV dangers. Case of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Recovered from http://health.mo.gov/information/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Inhabitants will have the option to take an interest in practice programs and ascertain an objective pulse and taking heartbeat for work out. Teachers will give assessments of activity aptitudes instructed during classes just as reviewing the recurrence of inhabitants individual exercise plan. Occupants will be assessed of their physical advancement over a multi week time range for accomplishing their objective pulse during exercise. Give motivating forces to come back to practice classes, for example, compensations for accomplishing objective rate like gift vouchers or prizes. Allude to evaluation information above; More data required on explicit nourishing food get to, dietary decisions, tallness/weight, day by day food utilization. 1 Wal-Mart, 1 Kroger, 1 Albertsons in 75150; other recorded business incorporate many drive-through eateries (city-data.com) Dietary training at nearby places of worship, senior focuses, nursing homes, helped living, diversion focuses, libraries, wellness focuses. CARDES dietary projects have demonstrated to be powerful in diminishing paces of CV ailment. Case of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Recovered from http://health.mo.gov/information/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.html Occupants will have the option to give 24 hour review for evaluation of eat less and be suggested suitable segments and measure of food dependent on MyPlate. Parts, fixings, and so forth will be adjusted for those with HTN and diabetes. Will likewise offer referrals to dieticians. Inhabitants will give a case of a solid dinner by drawing and additionally verbalizing their own MyPlate. Inhabitants will illuminate on how the food was readied, where the fixings would be purchased and if those fixings are inside their spending plan. For the individuals who will be unable to bear the cost of at the run of the mill staple, will offer data on nearby food banks and food stamp programs. Discovering areas where wholesome nourishments are advertised. Evaluating areas that part with free food, for example, chapels and senior places for sustenance is significant; giving guidance about planning of food in a sound way is basic to dietary wellbeing. Allude to information from above with respect to smoking rate in Dallas region; More data required on charge finances utilized from cigarette buys and precise evaluating of normal expense of cigarettes. Less expensive brands of cigarettes, ~$4; increasingly costly brands ~$5 (city-data.org/discussion) Work with legislators to expand costs of cigarettes and utilization of increment in net assessment for antismoking instruction battle. Investigation of the effect of $0.25 increment in cost with California Tobacco Program that apportioned $0.05 for hostile to tobacco instructive battle. Indicated a decline of 2.93 passings per 100,000 every year and diminishing in measure of packs smoked to 2.72. New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). An abstract of demonstrated network based avoidance programs. Recovered from http://healthyamericans.org /resources/documents/NYAM_Compendium.pdf Inhabitants who smoke will chop down the measure of packs of cigarettes purchased every week. In an enemy of smoking effort, will teach occupants on how much cash could be spared by chopping down. Will likewise offer training of choices for stopping in antismoking efforts like nicotine fixes and gum. Alluding to neighborhood government information on cigarette deals to assess the measure of deals (if not diminished), taking note of at the expansion in cost, and utilization of net duty assets for designation of instructive projects. Appealing to with help of neighborhood dwell

Promote and implement health and safety Essay

Advance and actualize wellbeing and security in wellbeing and social consideration (HSC 037) Outcome 1 : Understand own obligations, and the duties of others, identifying with wellbeing and security 1. recognize enactment identifying with wellbeing and security in a wellbeing or social consideration work setting The settings in which we are probably going to offer help are commonly secured by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ( HASAWA ). This Act resembles the general â€Å"umbrella† that has been refreshed and enhanced by all the guidelines and rules which degree it, bolster it or clarify it. Wellbeing and Safety at Work Act: Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 ( as revised 2002 ); Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 ( COSHH ); Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 ( RIDDOR ) ( changed 2008); Health and Safety First Aid Regulations 1981; Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. Understand more: Analyze factors that will in general trigger own pressure paper 2. clarify the primary concerns of wellbeing and security strategies and methods concurred with the business The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the principle bit of enactment that spreads related wellbeing and security in England. It is everybody, regardless of what their activity job is, inside the association has an obligation to guaranteeing the wellbeing and security of one another while at work. It is additionally the employee’s obligation to take care for themselfves and of different people who might be influenced and time to peruse the hazard evaluation reports and follow any progressions that have been made. All staff ought to follow the progressions that have been made. Things, for example, manual taking care of, be certain that we move and handle article and inviduals securely; fire/departure strategy, be certain that we realize our association fire/clearing strategy and system and the area of fire exits and fire gear and how to call for help; chance evaluation, comprehend the hazard to every action that we embrace and survey the hazard regulary if there is any improvement or not; squander removal strategy, comprehend the shade of the general waste and clinical, the kind of sharp boxes with differrent shading; contamination control, we have to know the approaches that are intended to forestall the spresd of disease, for example, washing your hands between every patient and side rooms, where can have a contamination with mrsa, cddif so we need to wash before entrering the room and after, aswell hearing a yellow appron. 3. Break down the fundamental wellbeing and security duties of: †¢ self, to deal with our own wellbeing and security; if conceivable, abstain from wearing adornments, for example, jewelry, that can be stuck in some gear; in the event that you have long hair or wear a headscarf, to ensure it is tied up; ensuring that we get legitimate preparing and that we comprehend and follow the companyâ's wellbeing and wellbeing approaches; to report any wounds, strains or sicknesses we endure because of carrying out our responsibility; tell our boss if something happens that may influence our capacity to work. †¢ the business or chief, need to cause the working environment safe; to forestall dangers to wellbeing; guarantee that hardware is protected to utilize, and that sheltered working practices are set up and followed; ensure that all materials are dealt with, put away and utilized security; give satisfactory medical aid offices; educate us regarding any likely perils from the work we do, synthetics and different substances utilized by the assoc iation, and give us data, guidelines, preparing and management varying; set up crisis plans; ensure that temperature, lighting and tolitel, washing offices all are sufficient in wellbeing and wellbeing; check if the correct work hardware is given and appropriately utilized and regulary kept up; keep away from possibly perilous work including manual taking care of and, in the event that it can't be dodged, avoid potential risk to decrease the danger of injury; report certain mishaps, wounds, maladies and hazardous occurances to eitheir the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). †¢ others in the work setting, different representatives in the work place have a similar job as us. They should utilize all PPE made accessible to them. They ought to be liable for their own wellbeing and security, in agreement to the approaches, also the patients and different representatives around them and they should report any concernes to decrease the hazard to the patients. 4. recognize explicit undertakings in the work setting that ought not be done without extraordinary preparing. Manual taking care of hardware, for example, sliding sheets, hoists,mobility helps, should be completed by individuals w ho have had a preparation to do it. Businesses are obliged to give preparing in manual taking care of. Traning it is essential to be cutting-edge, for new methods and gear. Moving patients without legitimate preparing is risky for the two of us. We will likewise require preparing for explicit hardware, for instance, arjo lift and oxford raise is to be utilized in working environment, nobody will have the option to work it without preparing. At the point when we need to move a patient up and get him in the easy chair, so we view the hazard evaluation manual and taking care of structure how to portable, it isâ written need to utilize an arjo raise. To utilize a derrick we must have a preparation how to utilize it and how to realize which sling we should utilize. A patient gauge 60 kg, so we check the various shades of the slings and we should utilize the yellow sling, so now we can raise the patient on the rocker. So for that we need a manual taking care of preparing update. Result 2: Be ready to do possess obligations regarding wellbeing and security 1. use strategies and techniques or other concurred methods of working that identify with wellbeing and security Health and Safety approaches set out the courses of action thta a work environment has for following enactment. Wellbeing and Safety methods decribes the exercises that should be done our work in accordance with the arrangements and techniques set somewhere around your manager. There is no point having arrangements and methods in the event that they are not followed. We should be clear about the regions thatt are our obligation. 2. bolster others to comprehend and follow safe practices Supporting individuals to make strides about their own security. It is significant that we perceive that individuals you are supporting should have the option to guarantee their own wellbeing and prosperity quite far. To help this, we ought to urge and help individuals to: talk about the stepd they would like to take corresponding to wellbeing and security; comprehend and assume liability for advancing their own wellbeing and care; survey and oversee dangers to their wellbeing and prosperity; recognize and report any variables that may put themselves or others in danger. It is troublesome on the off chance that we are the main individual in your worplace following great practice. We may ready to empower others by: continually demonstrating a genuine model; clarifying why we are following strategies; getting some wellbeing and security pamphlets from our worker's organization or ecological wellbeing office and leaving them in the staffroom for individuals to see; acquiring any imformation about preparing; inquiring as to whether they can mastermind a discussion on wellbeing and wellbeing. 3. screen and report expected wellbeing and dangers We are have a responsability with our manager for the security of all the peolple who utilize our administration. This implies we should be alert alll the time-dangers and perils are continually changing and we have to make sute that we know about these canges. Juat on the grounds that we checked something sixâ months back, don't expect that it is as yet functioning admirably; a lift that worked barely any days prior may not work today. We should know about and screen the accompanying kinds of dangers regulary. Announcing dangers to our administrator or 6000 is significant , much after a hazard appraisal and control measures. We should report dangers that are past our job and fitness, for example, flawed gear; free or harmed fittings; harm or defective guides for exemplo, bed brakes, bed controlers, lifts. Just as our duty to report dangers and risks to our boss, all businesses need to report certain occasions to the Health and Safety Executive or ecological wellbeing office. 4. use hazard evaluation comparable to wellbeing and security Hazard appraisal in wellbeing and social consideration is significant for everybody whether they are bosses, independently employed or representatives, who are legally necessary to distinguish and evaluate chances in the work environment. This incorporates any circumstances where potential mischief might be caused. There are numerous guidelines that expect dangers to be evaluated and some are secured by European Community orders. These include: Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999; Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992; Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992; Health and Safety ( Display Screen Equipment ) Regulation 1992; Noise at Work Regulation 1989; Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH); Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002; Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 express that businesses need to survey any dangers which are related with the work environment and work exercises. Hazard evaluations are crucially significant so as to secure the wellbeing and wellbeing of the two of us and the individuals we support. We ought to consistently watch that a hazard appraisal has been done before we embrace any undertaking, and afterward follow the means distinguished in the evaluation so as to diminish the hazard. 5. exhibit approaches to limit expected dangers and perils Done. survey at work. 6. get to extra help or data identifying with wellbeing and security. Result 3: Understand techniques for reacting to mishaps and unexpected disease 1. depict various kinds of mishaps and unexpected sickness that may happen in own work setting We might be engaged with any of various typesâ of mishaps and abrupt ailment at the emergency clinic, we can happen with patients meandering around the ward, who has dementia, they ca

buy custom Hiroshima essay

purchase custom Hiroshima exposition Hiroshima has been among the best detestations of the Second World War; it was a defining moment in the advancement of the war in Asia, the one which pulverized Japanese armed force by killing a huge number of regular people and changing the manner in which the world was driving wars. The tales of the individuals who experienced and endure the ghastly occasion are archived in the book by John Hersey, who went to the bombarded nation and found the observers that common their incredible stories. The book shows the perusers not just the battles and distress of losing everything in a moment, yet in addition the astounding quality of the human soul that makes the individuals push ahead and battle for their lives, just as hazard everything to spare others. The start of the book acquaints the perusers with the six fundamental characters whose accounts depict what befell Hiroshima during and after the shelling. The perusers see the reverend Tanimoto moving some furniture so as to support a companion; they likewise observe a mother of three youngsters, a widow Nakamura, seeing her neighbors house. She feels depleted by the war and the need to react to the entirety of the cautions, so upon the arrival of the besieging, just because, she chooses not to respond to air-strike signals and lets her youngsters rest at home longer. At that point, the book movements to Mr. Fujii, the proprietor of an effective emergency clinic found close by the water, who is viewing the stream during the bombarding and winds up in the water nearby his medical clinic when Hiroshima is besieged. The book likewise acquaints the perusers with Jesuit dad from Germany called Wilhelm Kleinsorge, and youthful specialist Sasaki, who marvelously stays safe during the shell ing, and who starts treating the ijured individuals as quick as could reasonably be expected. There is likewise Miss Sasaki; she functions as an assistant, and the bombarding makes her fall under the bookshelf and breaks her leg. Hence, the principal section shows the perusers what the principle characters were doing. None of them expected anything out of what befell their city, and none of the comprehended in the first place what, truth be told, transpired. The tale shows the frenzy, bedlam and misconstruing as individuals were ignorant of the things that were occurring around then, and the fundamental characters were traded from their standard everyday practice and needed to confront another appalling reality after the shelling. The subsequent part clarifies the perusers what befell the fundamental characters after the bomb was dropped, and how it influenced the remainder of the city. The book delineates ruins, the devastation and pulverization. The author depicts besieged Hiroshima as a position of passings and annihilation; while portraying the size of the bombarding, he composes: On some uncovered bodies, the consumes had made patternsof undershirt lashes and suspenders and, on the skin of certain ladies (since white repulsed the warmth from the bomb and dim garments retained it and led it to the skin), the states of blossoms they had on their kimonos. (Hersey, 1989) With this depiction, the writer gives the perusers a full image of the numerous dead during the shelling with the disfigured cadavers lying around, many harmed individuals losing their psyche and cognizance, and no away from or track of time in light of the fact that the fiasco which occurred in a moment happened to change the method of living in the city until the end of time. As the creator manages the reeaders through the tales of the primary characters, the crowd discovers that every one of them endured various misfortunes. Reverend endure practically unharmed; he likewise observed that his significant other and a little kid additionally endure the bombarding. The Jesuit dad additionally made due nearby the entirety of different Jesuits in light of the fact that their structure was worked in a manner that could endure seismic tremors and other significant difficulties. Notwithstanding, the clerics chose to go to Asano Park since they expected to discover a specialist for another minister who was draining a direct result of the wounds he got from the shelling. The clerics left their place, however one of them would not like to go. Jesuit needed to convey him, however when he couldn't do it, the man ran back just to be scorched in the fire. With such a turn, the writer shows the perusers how individuals were losing their psyches over what occurred. They c ouldn't grasp the change, and they didn't comprehend the besieging. To them, it was something excessively unendurable and troublesome. The general public was at that point depleted by the war; the individuals were worn out and didn't have the solidarity to oppose the military assaults. They were living in a consistent dread, continually stressing that something terrible would occur, however they could never believe that something of this scale could happen. Besieging was something they couldn't envision; it was the defining moment that totally broke a portion of the messed up ones and changed the survivors until the end of time. The accompanying sections additionally show the perusers how the lady and her youngsters went to Asano Park, the representative was being protected with her messed up leg, and the specialist worked like a psycho to help the individuals who were harmed during the besieging and were looking for help in the emergency clinic. Mr. Fujii, then again, needed to rem ain in the water in light of the fact that there was fire all over the place. Purchase custom Hiroshima exposition

Intensity of Sound Research and Public Health

Question: 1) Identify and depict the six primary factors that decide the length and seriousness of clamor prompted hearing misfortune. 2) Identify and portray three physiologic non-sound-related impacts of clamor. 3) Identify and characterize three eye issue and talk about how each is identified with the word related condition. Answer: 1. The six factors that decide the span and seriousness of commotion instigated hearing misfortune are recognized to be, Firstly, Intensity of sound which is straightforwardly relative to the ear harm. The most reduced sound that is perceptible to the human ear is 0 dB and the most elevated is 180 Db. Presentation to a high power of sound says 85 dB or above for delayed period may altogether harm hearing (Seidman Standring, 2010). Also, Frequency of sound, the proportion of a pitch. It is estimated in Hertz. The pitch is straightforwardly relative to the recurrence of sound. A pitch of around 2000-4000 Hertz is perceived to cause hearing misfortune. During the commotion instigated hearing misfortune, individuals can't hear sound with higher frequencies (Smith et al., 2014). Thirdly, Duration, the length of introduction to commotion. Longer the length of the presentation to commotion, the more is the consultation misfortune. For the unprotected ear, the most elevated level of the passable commotion every day is 115 dB for 15 minutes. Fourthly, Occupational clamor, the sound identified with the working environment, state commotion presentation in building locales, Iron and Steel enterprises (hardware, and so on.). Ordinary presentation to 85 dB or clamor level above it is known to cause noteworthy hearing misfortune bit by bit (Le Prell et al., 2012). Fifthly, Non-word related commotion, the sound identified with network, ecological or local locations, for example, clamor because of yard trimmers, instrument, fireworks, and so forth. At the point when uncovered on the normal premise, it can straightforwardly influence hearing. Ultimately, Genetic variables might be answerable for hearing misfortune, which is bit by bit showed with maturing. More seasoned individuals regularly have hearing misfortune issue; be that as it may, it might possibly be because of hereditary impact (Smith et al., 2014). 2. Drawn out presentation to commotion may cause non-sound-related impacts notwithstanding hearing misfortune, for example, hypertension, psychological well-being issue, breath issue, dozing issue, and muscle pressure. The physiologic non-sound-related impacts of the clamor are examined in ensuing areas. Word related clamors are basically higher than private or network commotion and for the most part cause the non-sound-related impacts. For instance, traffic clamor, development regions, air terminals. As per Pirrera et al., (2010), introduction to natural clamor, can expand disturbance, brings about rest misfortune and a causative factor of cardiovascular sickness. It is joined by hypertension, changes in the example of the heartbeat, changes in the measurement of veins particularly those in skin, change in circulatory strain and changes in pulse. Patients with cardiovascular sicknesses are profoundly helpless to stroke and consequently are prescribed to remain inside or in nature with little commotion. Exploratory examinations directed by Basner et al., (2014) in research facility conditions demonstrated that consistent presentation to commotion upsets the Mental wellbeing. It diminishes the capacity to support consideration. It is related with the expansion in irritation and worry, with consistent introduction to elevated level of commotion. Scientists in this way accept commotion as vague stressor that disturbs psychological well-being. Writing research gives proof of the dozing issue that is Insomnia coming about because of clamor presentation for delayed period. Loss of rest might be brought about by upset nerve cells, expanded muscle pressure and changes in respiratory reflexes. Muscle strain happens because of uproarious clamor. Muscles burst into exercises by more withdrawal for shielding the body from introduction to boisterous commotion. So also, uproarious clamor will in general modify the respiratory rhythms (Le Prell et al., 2012). 3. A few eye issue have been recognized that emerge because of a working environment condition. For instance, IT experts invest more energy before the PCs creating nearsightedness or hypermetropia. Laborers with the significant level of eye wounds remember those working for building destinations, substance enterprises, and other assembling administrations. The essential eye issue identified with the word related condition are: Firstly, Low vision, individuals will be unable to see questions that are close to eye or at significant distance. The previous is called foolishness, and the later is called long sightedness. The expansion in eye pressure changes the size of eye-focal points. Individuals who are for the most part defenseless against low vision issue incorporate IT experts, educators, drivers, tailors, craftsmen, and so forth. This sort of work requires high concentrate along these lines slowly influencing the eyes after some time. In a few cases, low vision step by step prompts visual impairment (Liu et al., 2013). Besides, Chemical eye consume, representatives in Chemical enterprises is presented to unsafe substances that might be poisonous in nature. The seriousness of the eye injury relies upon the pH of the synthetic. Early indications of concoction consume incorporate torment, disturbance, tearing, and redness, growing of the eyelids and obscured vision. Deferral of treatment if there should arise an occurrence of the corrosive or soluble base consume may cause changeless vision debilitation, glaucoma, and waterfall (Berger et al., 2013). Medical procedures may not generally be fruitful in the postponement of treatment making changeless harm vision. Thirdly, Conjunctivitis, described by the redness of eyes and serious irritation. The causative elements are the infection, contaminations, dusts, smoke, and so forth. It happens predominantly in laborers managing pesticides, manures, nursery workers, manufacturing plants having machines, which produce the huge measure of smoke. As the representatives work exposed eyes, they are exceptionally helpless against such diseases (Smedley et al., 2013). References Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S., Stansfeld, S. (2014). Sound-related and non-sound-related impacts of commotion on health.The Lancet,383(9925), 1325-1332. Berger, S., McAteer, J., Schreier, K., Kaldenberg, J. (2013). Word related treatment mediations to improve recreation and social support for more seasoned grown-ups with low vision: A deliberate review.American Journal of Occupational Therapy,67(3), 303-311. Le Prell, C. G., Henderson, D., Fay, R. R., Popper, A. N. (2012).Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Springer. Liu, C. J., Brost, M. A., Horton, V. E., Kenyon, S. B., Mears, K. E. (2013). Word related treatment mediations to improve execution of day by day exercises at home for more seasoned grown-ups with low vision: A deliberate review.American Journal of Occupational Therapy,67(3), 279-287. Pirrera, S., De Valck, E., Cluydts, R. (2010). Nighttime street traffic clamor: An audit on its appraisal and outcomes on rest and health.Environment international,36(5), 492-498. Seidman, M. D., Standring, R. T. (2010). Clamor and nature of life.International diary of ecological research and open health,7(10), 3730-3738. Smedley, J., Dick, F., Sadhra, S. (Eds.). (2013).Oxford handbook of word related wellbeing. OUP Oxford. Smith, R. J., Shearer, A. E., Hildebrand, M. S., Van Camp, G. (2014). Deafness and inherited hearing misfortune diagram.

Ancient History Essay

New research has enormously affected on our comprehension of day by day life in both Pompeii and Herculaneum. Specialists in paleontology, science and different fields have uncovered extensive measures of data about individuals, structures and food found in the two urban communities before the emission in 62 AD. Specialists, for example, Estelle Lazer and Sarah Bisel have helped with uplifting our comprehension of the every day life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. From 1986 Estelle Lazer took a shot at an example of more than 300 people who were spoken to by an assortment of disarticulated bone. The methods of scientific medication and physical human sciences were utilized to decide sex, age-at-death, tallness, indications of infection and populace affinities of the people in question. The outcomes showed that practically equivalent quantities of guys and females from all age bunches didn't figure out how to get away from the town before it was devastated. Sarah Bisel worked with the bone examination of the skeletons of Herculaneum to decide and consider the way of life contrasts between the social classes present inside Herculaneum. She found numerous things about the individuals of Herculaneum, for example, the town was a hereditarily different society, kids were regularly malnourished because of the absence of calcium in their teeth and the bodies had elevated levels of lead. This new data has significantly affected and expanded our comprehension of day by day life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The proof of food in the two towns and the investigation of these by specialists, for example, Wilhelmina Jashemski and the group of head scientists known as the Pompeii Food and Drink Project, further build up our insight into day by day life in these acclaimed towns of Campania. Jashemski’s venture had the motivation behind examining creature and plant stays so as to increase a comprehension of the sorts of nurseries in and around Pompeii just as social affair data on the wine and oil businesses of the zone. By inspecting soil shapes and carbonized plant remains, archeologists have increased an increasingly precise image of produce and fancy gardens in Pompeii. The motivation behind the Pompeii Food and Drink Project was to investigate the examples of day by day life in a non-intrusive approach to consider the structures that are related with food and drink. The Project has gathered numerous old antiquities and data, and responded to numerous inquiries regarding the food and drink stockpiling, appropriation, readiness, serving, and utilization in Ancient Pompeii. Every one of these sources join to give us a progressively intense information on the antiquated towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The structures found in Pompeii and Herculaneum give broad data about the way of life of individuals living there. The House of Pompeii Project, began in 1977, had the focal point of exploring and rescuing structures which had been exhumed in earlier years however had not really been recorded. The two houses that were especially contemplated was the House of the Ancient Hunt and the House of the Colored Capitals. The Project has not revealed any new data, just recorded discoveries on certain lodging which were either not appropriately recorded or totally disregarded. The Insula of Menander Project had a lot of a similar point as the House of Pompeii Project, in that they were reviewing the insufficiencies in prior records. Their primary center, however, was the insula directed under Amedeo Maiuri. The Project gave a point by point history of the insula indicating that there had been visit building changes after some time and that there had all the earmarks of being a late appearance of shops and the expansion of upper stories in the most recent long periods of the city. The Pompeian Forum Project’s fundamental target was to deliver increasingly exact plans of enduring stays by the utilization of building investigation to broaden the comprehension of contemporary urban issues. The conventional view that the Forum was a ‘builder’s yard’ after the 62 AD seismic tremor was invalidated. There was additionally proof found of an extensive quake plan for the Eastern side of the Forum. In Source A we can perceive how new research has enhanced our insight into Pompeii and Herculaneum. Through research by Italy’s National Institute of Optics, it has been found that the renowned ‘Pompeian red’ was a shading made from the blend of yellow paint and the gases from Vesuvius. All in all, the effects of new research and innovations have extensively expounded our illumination of the every day life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The numerous sources revealed and dissected from these towns have been substantially more valuable because of creating innovation and research. In the years to come, innovation will keep on creating, alongside more data being found and this will bring about increasingly more data being given about the celebrated antiquated towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

MIT Dorms Really Random

MIT Dorms Really Random DID YOU KNOW? Pulitzer Prize-winning MIT professor John Harbison, who is teaching the undergraduate class 21M.304: Writing in Tonal Forms II this term, wrote an opera based on The Great Gatsby that was premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Happy Organic Chemistry II Day! I think that thus far, 5.13 has been my absolute favorite class at MIT. I was so excited about wishing you a happy April 31, because, as Ling noted, that would be European Pi Day (31/4), but I missed it this year, probably because I had to much work. Do you always wait for the longest day of the year and then miss it? So, Mollie did that entry about life in MacGregor, and Ive conned my excellent friend Kim 09 from marching band into making up this excellent photojournalistic piece about life in Random Hall. One thing she doesnt mention is that one of the floors in Random Hall is named Destiny. Why would a floor be named Destiny? Well, apparently the residents were strapped for cash one day and decided to sell the floors naming rights on eBay. Turns out that some guy bought it and named it after his eight-year-old daughter. When he found out that they were going to use the money to build robots instead of buy beer, he threw in an extra hundred dollars or something. Anyway, some current MIT student is going to come by and correct that, and then youll know the real story, and Ill give him or her credit where it is due. So, dont read any further in this entry if youre still on dialup, because your computer will probably die. Also, the entire internet system of your country might shut down. Maybe. I dont know. I just know that I went to an Athena Computing intro class my Freshman year and they told us that somebody from MIT accidentally broke Portugals internet in the late 1990s. So, please be careful when you get to MIT. And everything that follows from here is Kim 09! Welcome to Random Hall, 290 Massachusetts Avenue! width=512 height=384 / Say Hi to the friendly deskworker if youre lucky, shell let you in. WooHoo!! Youre inside and want to know what time it is. But this clock is sort of um interesting. You move on. You encounter the floor known as Fort Awesome. You admire the decorations and the spacious dining facilities We eat nutritiously! Pictured here: chocolate, steak, chicken, and bananas. Yay, videogames! These people are great at decorating their floors and ceilings (thats Fort Awesomer!) You walk around and admire the decor. We enjoy dart weaponry. I love this wall! Life sucks but then you dye! And we have fun toys too. The end. Thanks Kim! Post Tagged #Random Hall

Why Electoral College Was Made - Free Essay Example

The Electoral College was made for two reasons, the main explanation behind existing was to make a safeguard among people and the assurance of a President. The structure of the government was the second reason, that gave extra control to the littler states. The essential reason that the originators made the Electoral College is hard to see today; because the establishing fathers feared undeviating choosing of the Presidency. They feared a tyrant could come control the overall populations viewpoint and seize to control. Portrayed in the federalist papers that The Electoral College was developed in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, the Electoral College is the formal body which picks the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state has a similar number of voters in the Electoral College as it has Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress, and the District of Columbia has three voters. At the point when voters go to the surveys in a Presidential race, they really are voting in favor of the slate of voters vowing to cast their votes for that ticket in the Electoral College. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 contemplated a couple of strategies for picking the President, including decisions by Congress, by the governors of the states, by the state congregations, by an exceptional social occasion of Members of Congress picked by plenty, and by direct popular vote. Later in the convention, the issue was suggested the Committee of Eleven on Postponed Matters, which conceived the Electoral Collegers structure in its first shapes. This game plan, which met with unlimited support by the delegates, was melded into the last report with simply minor changes. It tried to accommodate varying state and government interests, give a level of famous investment in the race, give the less crowded expresses some extra use in the process by giving senatorial balloters, protect the administration as free of Congress, and by and large protect the race procedure from political control. The capacity and points of interest of how the Electoral College meets and how they vot e was changed in the twelfth Amendment. Initial, a discourse of the first arrangement, delineated in Article 2, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3, at that point what is diverse today. Furthermore, each state picked various balloters equivalent to the amount of congress people that state had. Each state, by then, got something close to three voters (two Senators and no less than one Representative). Balloters may not be a worker or picked as representative of the Federal Government. Each state was permitted to generally pick whomever they wish to be the Electors for that state. Each voted in favor of two individuals, something like one of whom was not a subject of their state. Those votes were then checked, and a rundown of each name and the quantity of votes was marked, validated and sent to the President of the Senate. At that point, before a joint session of Congress, the President of the Senate revealed the vote checks from each state, the votes were totaled, and the President was the person with the most votes, if the count is a majority. On the off chance that there was a tie, at that point the individuals from the House of Representatives instantly took a vo te and that victor was the President. The twelfth Amendment was authorized four years afterward to prevent any rehash of these events. The twelfth amendment changes the Electoral procedures in minimal ways, but in major ways. To start with, rather than voting in favor of two individuals, Electors vote in favor of a President and a Vice-President. From that point, the names are totaled at the state level, in two sections this time (one for the President and one for the Vice President) and sent along to the President of the Senate. By then, in joint session, all votes are opened and included, again two sections. The person with most of votes in favor of President is then President. In the event there is no prevailing part, by then the best three vote-getters are casted a ballot on by the House (with the similar limitations from previously). The decision must be made by January twentieth (initially March fourth in the twelfth Amendment, and was modified by the twentieth Amendment), or the Vice President transforms into the Acting President, until the point that such time as the House can at last concur. In my opinion some states dont utilize the Electoral College system to choose their leader, and I think the nation shouldnt either. I lean toward direct electing of the president, and I consider states vital and federalism to be useful, yet particularly as opposed to most safeguards of the current situation. I like to consider the manner in which that each state picks its own president break even with: its representative direct: one individual, one vote. All votes are incorporated correspondingly, and close races meticulously counted. I think that America should copy and utilize this state trial model while picking the authoritative leader of all of us: the president. The way that no state uses an Electoral College for its representative proposes that various standards contentions for the Electoral College. In case these conflicts were extremely steady, by then states were not thinking smart, however, I dont think states are not doltish. Actually, facilitating the presidential race would equip the state creative energy in stimulating ways. At this moment, states have insignificant inspiration to help cast a ballot. A state gets a pre-set number of optional votes paying little regard to voter turnout. In any case, in a prompt race structure, states with higher turnout would have more clout in the last check, giving state governments inspiring powers to empower throwing a vote. States may do this in a diverse way like: early voting in a couple of states; same-day enrollment; making Election Day an event in still extraordinary wards. The government oversight would be essential to keep state competition inside sensible breaking points, yet state ingenuity could send a race to the best law-based experimentalism and federalism doing what needs to be done. A couple of states are starting at now investigating distinctive roads with respect to an inventive course of action for future presidential races. Under the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact that has gotten constrain of late, states in the limited are promising that, if enough states finally join the transitory craze, these states will give their constituent votes to the national standard vote victor. Its a good idea; the pres ent shape has particular wrinkles that ought to be settled. (Think about how conceivable it is that some noncooperating states decrease to hold suitable choices or mindful depicts. Envision a situation in which a couple of states cut down the throwing a poll age in absurd ways † letting 12-year-olds vote to grow their clout) To work commendably, strong government oversight would be required. It is uncommon today for Electors to dismiss the majority vote by making their appointive choice for somebody other than their gatherings applicant. For the most part, voters hold an authority position in their gathering or were perceived long periods of faithful support of the gathering. Since our commencement as a country, in excess of 99 percent of Electors have casted a ballot as vowed.

Application Of Database Deployment For A Small Growing...

Unfortunately, different areas of the business got different pieces of technology to assist in that growth, and those pieces did not interact with each other. This became a burden for the Chief Financial and Technical Office, Luis Campuzano. Eventually, the company hired a third-party programmer to write a custom application that could interpret the data between the databases and allow FileMaker Pro software to query all of them at once (Rainer, 2012). Crabby Bill’s developed different databases to manage the different types of data that they were using. They had databases for financial information, keeping track of inventory, and others. This has the advantage that for someone to access the financial records, they only have to view†¦show more content†¦This is also good security since you can easily just not give those people managing inventory access to the financial database, whereas if they were stored in the same database, you would need to configure special permissions on the data, again requiring someone with greater knowledge of information systems than the typical business owner has. The problems for these multiple databases arise when you realize that part of your financial information has to do with your inventory. Getting this data out of one system and into another can be a daunting and time consuming task. This would likely require someone to manually extract, reorganize, and import the data, just as it did in the case of Crabby Bill’s. This is expensive, as it requires someone’s time to perform these actions. It is also time consuming because the whole process could be automated. In addition to these business reasons, there also are problems for the data itself. When keeping data in multiple databases you run into problems of data redundancy, when information extracted from one database is imported into another, you are keeping the same data repeatedly. This redundancy can also lead to inconsistencies, if the data is entered incorrectly into one of your databases or changed by one party that only has access to it on a single database and not on

Ways We Make You Fit Happen Everyday Essay - 784 Words

5 Ways to Make You Fit Happen Everyday Overview Keeping fit, a term so often used but one that few people bother to make use literally. Life is hard already and adding more health problems to life will make it worse. No one wants that. At least I know I don’t. A little change to your lifestyle can make life a lot easier, even if you are the kind of person that works in a construction site carrying bricks all day. Just 30 minutes or less in your 24 hours and you will be happier and healthier. How then can you achieve this, you may be asking. In this article we go through a couple of things that can help keeping fit every day. They include: 1. Walking or Cycling Walking is an effective way to stay fit. If you live close enough to work or school a good solution would be to start walking or cycling. It will only take you a few minutes and do you a lot of good as far as your health is concerned. Driving just a few meters or a kilometer may save you a few minutes but also take a few coins off your pocket. Why not take a walk or cycle. It actually has lots of benefits. 2. Hit The Gym or There are so many equipments in the gym to exercise with. Utilize the machines for cardio and weights, but be careful and never use a weight that is too heavy. Use smaller weights and you will find that you will progress through the weights very rapidly. There is a lot to learn in the gym. Learn strength training and muscle toning techniques from an instructor or professional. The gym isShow MoreRelatedCognitive Theories And Concepts That Have Resonated With Me1645 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Psych and Me Through this course we have gone into depth with various theories and concepts that have resonated with me. 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Those disadvantages are not being able to fit my clothes properly, people always asking so manyRead MoreEssay Signs of Life in the USA841 Words   |  4 PagesStephen Garrett’s â€Å"Why We Love TV’s Anti-heroes† In the reading, â€Å"Why We Love TV’s Anti-heroes† by Stephen Garrett, he points out that anti-heroes are becoming more popular than the traditional hero. Garrett states, â€Å"the word hero is abused in the news, the sports reports, and even in conversation† (318). For example tabloids recognize someone who battles a drug addiction and overcomes it or a substitute kicker for the football game kick the winning field goal (318). You see he argues that traditionalRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of Fashion On Your Life1364 Words   |  6 Pagescollege students that want to make their daily lives easier and have somewhat of an interest in fashion. I start off my blog post by asking the readers a question and making a statement that they would not think is true. After that, I go into my specifies where I talk about the three main aspects of my statement, fitting in, authority, and comfort. Each of these topics have their own claims which I use research to back up. I also would include photos which basically gives you a visual example of eachRead MoreSarah s Key By Tatiana De Rosnay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesgood job showing all of the perspectives of what had happened and she does not put anyone down in anyway. The book Sarah Key’s is written in a way that its feat in how two families try to find a way to escape the camps and relocate themselves. The author also uses an interesting pathos in her novel she does a great job bring up suspense you know what will happen next. The book Sarah’s Key varies between the two divided lives of Sarah and Julia. One of the main themes Tatiana de Rosnay uses in the bookRead MoreSarah s Key By Tatiana De Rosnay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesgood job showing all of the perspectives of what had happened and she does not put anyone down in anyway. The book Sarah Key’s is written in a way that its feat in how two families try to find a way to escape the camps and relocate themselves. The author also uses an interesting pathos in her novel she does a great job bring up suspense you know what will happen next. The book Sarah’s Key varies between the two divided lives of Sarah and Julia. One of the main themes Tatiana de Rosnay uses in the bookRead MoreDisability Essay examples589 Words   |  3 Pagesthe physical limitations that flow from actual impairment. Society makes generalizations and stereotypes about the disabled and the disease stricken. Society as a whole has the belief that they are less of a person because of something they cannot change about themselves. 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Mbazappos the Company That Is Powered by Customer Service

The Company That is Powered to WOW Founded in 1999, Zappos started as site that only sold shoes. The idea for the site came to founder Nick Swinmurn in his quest to find the right shoe. Swinmurn couldn’t find exactly what he was looking for in the different stores he visited. The stores either didn’t have his size or the right style and color. After spending hours searching and getting no where he went home shoeless. Swinmurn attempted to shop online for the shoes he wanted. He couldn’t believe there wasn’t a site that offered a huge variety of shoes. This inspired him to create a site that he envisioned that had a big selection of different size, styles and colors of name brand shoes (â€Å"In The Beginning - Let There Be Shoes†, n.d.).†¦show more content†¦Hsieh creates and allows fun to take the stress that comes with customer service positions. Even though Zappos doesn’t have the typical working environment, a leader should still stress the important in taking the job seriously to ensure customer retention and great service. If there was decline in the demand of the products Zappos offered occurred at this very moment I think the culture will change just a little. I foresee the leaders of the company trying to hold on to the original culture but the stress of the decline impacting the fun and free work atmosphere. Some leaders will begin to focus solely on the operations of the company and the how to continue to make the company profitable (Schermerhorn, Osborn, Uhi-Bien, Hunt, 2012) .Slowly they will all become transactional Leaders rather than transformational leaders focusing on money and not people. The employee would provide wow service and have fun. All that would slowly phase out once the stress from the leaders trickle down to the other staff members. These actions will eventually result in the sales declining and the company being in a bad place financially. If the company response quickly to the decline in the demand the culture c ould continue to provide expectable wow service to the customer and a great working environment to the employees. In order for this occur the company would have to keep open communication among the leaders and the employees. Zappos would need

Mr. Big, The Whore Of Mensa, And The Kuglemass Episode

A Discussion of Satire, Humor, and Absurdity in Woody Allen’s â€Å"Mr. Big,† â€Å"The Whore of Mensa,† and â€Å"The Kuglemass Episode† â€Å"It is my only regret in life that I am not someone else† (Good Reads, 2017). This famous Woody Allen quote reflects a reason why he may love to write: so he can be someone else for a short while. To top it off Allen is an expert at using satire, humor and absurdity to entertain his audience. As one best storytellers of the twenty first century, he has a way of reaching his audience by taking a worn-out archetype and by applying an absurdity filter, he allows the audience to see a difficult idea in a whole new light. In his short stories, â€Å"Mr. Big,† â€Å"The Whore of Mensa,† and â€Å"The Kuglemass Episode,† he imparts†¦show more content†¦In each story the author uses satire, humor, or absurdity to introduce the audience to a subject that is seemingly taboo or unrealistic. Doing this allows the reader to explore a concept they may be uncomfortable exploring any other way. Now, consider what Allen might have been saying in â€Å"Mr. Big.† The story begins with Heather Butkiss seeking a private investigator to help her find God. She is smart and sexy, and Kaiser Lupowitz is a lump of clay in her hands. Kaiser is amused, bored, and attracted; nevertheless, he is led by Ms. Butkiss through a maze of lies. Turns out, her name is Ellen Shepard. She is a professor who is simply a scorned lover. After finding out the truth of her quest, to prove the existence of God, Lupowitz quickly dismisses her, shoots her and before she dies, explains the true manifestation of the universe, as if he had the answer all along: â€Å"The manifestation of the universe as a complex idea unto itself as opposed to being in or outside the true Being of itself is inherently a conceptual nothingness or Nothingness in relation to any abstract form of existing or to exist or having existed in perpetuity and not subject to laws of physicality or motion or ideas relating to non -matter or the lack of objective Being or subjective otherness (Allen, http://www.wepsite.de/Mr._Big,Woody_Allen.htm, n.d.). The scene is vivid and hilarious. Allen takes a decisive topic, like faith in God and by using satire,

Paper Evaluation Free Essays

string(37) " prose is usually highly compressed\." How to Read a Scientific Paper BIOC/MCB 568 — Fall 2010 John W. Little and Roy Parker–University of Arizona Back to 568 home page Translation into Belorussian The main purpose of a scientific paper is to report new results, usually experimental, and to relate these results to previous knowledge in the field. Papers are one of the most important ways that we communicate with one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In understanding how to read a paper, we need to start at the beginning with a few preliminaries. We then address the main questions that will enable you to understand and evaluate the paper. . How are papers organized? 2. How do I prepare to read a paper, particularly in an area not so familiar to me? 3. What difficulties can I expect? 4. How do I understand and evaluate  the contents of the paper? 1. Organization of a paper In most scientific journals, scientific papers follow a standard format. They are divided into several sections, and each section serves a specific purpose in the paper. We first describe the standard format, then some variations on that format. A paper begins with a short  Summary  or  Abstract. Generally, it gives a brief background to the topic; describes concisely the major findings of the paper; and relates these findings to the field of study. As will be seen, this logical order is also that of the paper as a whole. The next section of the paper is the  Introduction. In many journals this section is not given a title. As its name implies, this section presents the background knowledge necessary for the reader to understand why the findings of the paper are an advance on the knowledge in the field. Typically, the Introduction describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper. If the authors are testing a hypothesis, the source of that hypothesis is spelled out, findings are given with which it is consistent, and one or more predictions are given. In many papers, one or several major conclusions of the paper are presented at the end of this section, so that the reader knows the major answers to the questions just posed. Papers more descriptive or comparative in nature may begin with an introduction to an area which interests the authors, or the need for a broader database. The next section of most papers is the  Materials and Methods. In some journals this section is the last one. Its purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experiments were carried out. In principle, this description should be detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the work. In practice, these descriptions are often highly compressed, and they often refer back to previous papers by the authors. The third section is usually  Results. This section describes the experiments and the reasons they were done. Generally, the logic of the Results section follows directly from that of the Introduction. That is, the Introduction poses the questions addressed in the early part of Results. Beyond this point, the organization of Results differs from one paper to another. In some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the following section. This is appropriate when the data in the early parts do not need to be interpreted extensively to understand why the later experiments were done. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with other findings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments. The fourth section is the  Discussion. This section serves several purposes. First, the data in the paper are interpreted; that is, they are analyzed to show what the authors believe the data show. Any limitations to the interpretations should be acknowledged, and fact should clearly be separated from speculation. Second, the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field. This serves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work. As stated, some of these logical arguments are often found in the Results when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were carried out. Although you might argue that in this case the discussion material should be presented in the Introduction, more often you cannot grasp its significance until the first part of Results is given. Finally, papers usually have a short  Acknowledgements  section, in which various contributions of other workers are recognized, followed by a  Reference  list giving references to papers and other works cited in the text. Papers also contain several  Figures  and  Tables. These contain data described in the paper. The figures and tables also have legends, whose purpose is to give details of the particular experiment or experiments shown there. Typically, if a procedure is used only once in a paper, these details are described in Materials and Methods, and the Figure or Table legend refers back to that description. If a procedure is used repeatedly, however, a general description is given in Materials and Methods, and the details for a particular experiment are given in the Table or Figure legend. Variations on the organization of a paper In most scientific journals, the above format is followed. Occasionally, the Results and Discussion are combined, in cases in which the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in the course of the research. As stated, in some journals, Materials and Methods follows the Discussion. In certain older papers, the Summary was given at the end of the paper. The formats for two widely-read journals,  Science  and  Nature, differ markedly from the above outline. These journals reach a wide audience, and many authors wish to publish in them; accordingly, the space limitations on the papers are severe, and the prose is usually highly compressed. You read "Paper Evaluation" in category "Papers" In both journals, there are no discrete sections, except for a short abstract and a reference list. In  Science, the abstract is self-contained; in  Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper. Experimental details are usually given either in endnotes (for  Science) or Figure and Table legends and a short Methods section (in  Nature). Authors often try to circumvent length limitations by putting as much material as possible in these places. In addition, an increasingly common practice is to put a substantial fraction of the less-important material, and much of the methodology, into Supplemental Data that can be accessed online. Many other journals also have length limitations, which similarly lead to a need for conciseness. For example, the  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  (PNAS) has a six-page limit;  Cell  severely edits many papers to shorten them, and has a short word limit in the abstract; and so on. In response to the pressure to edit and make the paper concise, many authors choose to condense or, more typically, omit the logical connections that would make the flow of the paper easy. In addition, much of the background that would make the paper accessible to a wider audience is condensed or omitted, so that the less-informed reader has to consult a review article or previous papers to make sense of what the issues are and why they are important. Finally, again, authors often circumvent page limitations by putting crucial details into the Figure and Table legends, especially when (as in  PNAS) these are set in smaller type. Fortunately, the recent widespread practice of putting less-critical material into online supplemental material has lessened the pressure to compress content so drastically, but it is still a problem for older papers. Back to outline 2. Reading a scientific paper Although it is tempting to read the paper straight through as you would do with most text, it is more efficient to organize the way you read. Generally, you first read the Abstract in order to understand the major points of the work. The extent of background assumed by different authors, and allowed by the journal, also varies as just discussed. One extremely useful habit in reading a paper is to read the Title and the Abstract and, before going on, review in your mind what you know about the topic. This serves several purposes. First, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. If not, you might choose to read the background in a review or textbook, as appropriate. Second, it refreshes your memory about the topic. Third, and perhaps most importantly, it helps ou as the reader integrate the new information into your previous knowledge about the topic. That is, it is used as a part of the self-education process that any professional must continue throughout his/her career. If you are very familiar with the field, the Introduction can be skimmed or even skipped. As stated above, the logical flow of most papers goes straight from the Introduction to Results; accordingly, the pape r should be read in that way as well, skipping Materials and Methods and referring back to this section as needed to clarify what was actually done. A reader familiar with the field who is interested in a particular point given in the Abstract often skips directly to the relevant section of the Results, and from there to the Discussion for interpretation of the findings. This is only easy to do if the paper is organized properly. Codewords Many papers contain shorthand phrases that we might term ‘codewords’, since they have connotations that are generally not explicit. In many papers, not all the experimental data are shown, but referred to by â€Å"(data not shown)†. This is often for reasons of space; the practice is accepted when the authors have documented their competence to do the experiments properly (usually in previous papers). Two other codewords are â€Å"unpublished data† and â€Å"preliminary data†. The former can either mean that the data are not of publishable quality or that the work is part of a larger story that will one day be published. The latter means different things to different people, but one connotation is that the experiment was done only once. Back to outline 3. Difficulties in reading a paper Several difficulties confront the reader, particularly one who is not familiar with the field. As discussed above, it may be necessary to bring yourself up to speed before beginning a paper, no matter how well written it is. Be aware, however, that although some problems may lie in the reader, many are the fault of the writer. One major problem is that many papers are poorly written. Some scientists are poor writers. Many others do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure that the prose is clear and logical. Also, the author is typically so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and see it from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic and for whom the paper is just another of a large stack of papers that need to be read. Bad writing has several consequences for the reader. First, the logical connections are often left out. Instead of saying why an experiment was done, or what ideas were being tested, the experiment is simply described. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon. Third, the authors often do not provide a clear road-map through the paper; side issues and fine points are given equal air time with the main logical thread, and the reader loses this thread. In better writing, these side issues are relegated to Figure legends, Materials and Methods, or online Supplemental Material, or else clearly identified as side issues, so as not to distract the reader. Another major difficulty arises when the reader seeks to understand just what the experiment was. All too often, authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers in a long chain. Often that chain ends in a paper that describes several methods, and it is unclear which was used. Or the chain ends in a journal with severe space limitations, and the description is so compressed as to be unclear. More often, the descriptions are simply not well-written, so that it is ambiguous what was done. Other difficulties arise when the authors are uncritical about their experiments; if they firmly believe a particular model, they may not be open-minded about other possibilities. These may not be tested experimentally, and may even go unmentioned in the Discussion. Still another, related problem is that many authors do not clearly distinguish between fact and speculation, especially in the Discussion. This makes it difficult for the reader to know how well-established are the â€Å"facts† under discussion. One final problem arises from the sociology of science. Many authors are ambitious and wish to publish in trendy journals. As a consequence, they overstate the importance of their findings, or put a speculation into the title in a way that makes it sound like a well-established finding. Another example of this approach is the â€Å"Assertive Sentence Title†, which presents a major conclusion of the paper as a declarative sentence (such as â€Å"LexA is a repressor of the  recA  and  lexA  genes†). This trend is becoming prevalent; look at recent issues of  Cell  for examples. It’s not so bad when the assertive sentence is well-documented (as it was in the example given), but all too often the assertive sentence is nothing more than a speculation, and the hasty reader may well conclude that the issue is settled when it isn’t. These last factors represent the public relations side of a competitive field. This behavior is understandable, if not praiseworthy. But when the authors mislead the reader as to what is firmly established and what is speculation, it is hard, especially for the novice, to know what is settled and what is not. A careful evaluation is necessary, as we now discuss. Back to outline 4. Evaluating a paper A thorough understanding and evaluation of a paper involves answering several questions: a. What  questions  does the paper address? b. What are the main  conclusions  of the paper? . What  evidence  supports those conclusions? d. Do the data actually  support  the conclusions? e. What is the  quality  of the evidence? f. Why are the conclusions  important? a. What questions does the paper address? Before addressing this question, we need to be aware that research in biochemistry and molecular biology can be of several different types: |Type of research |Question ask ed: | |Descriptive |What is there? What do we see? | |Comparative |How does it compare to other organisms? Are our findings | | |general? | |Analytical |How does it work? What is the mechanism? | Descriptive  research often takes place in the early stages of our understanding of a system. We can’t formulate hypotheses about how a system works, or what its interconnections are, until we know what is there. Typical descriptive approaches in molecular biology are DNA sequencing and DNA microarray approaches. In biochemistry, one could regard x-ray crystallography as a descriptive endeavor. Comparative  research often takes place when we are asking how general a finding is. Is it specific to my particular organism, or is it broadly applicable? A typical comparative approach would be comparing the sequence of a gene from one organism with that from the other organisms in which that gene is found. One example of this is the observation that the actin genes from humans and budding yeast are 89% identical and 96% similar. Analytical  research generally takes place when we know enough to begin formulating hypotheses about how a system works, about how the parts are interconnected, and what the causal connections are. A typical analytical approach would be to devise two (or more) alternative hypotheses about how a system operates. These hypotheses would all be consistent with current knowledge about the system. Ideally, the approach would devise a set of experiments todistinguish among these hypotheses. A classic example is the Meselson-Stahl experiment. Of course, many papers are a combination of these approaches. For instance, researchers might sequence a gene from their model organism; compare its sequence to homologous genes from other organisms; use this comparison to devise a hypothesis for the function of the gene product; and test this hypothesis by making a site-directed change in the gene and asking how that affects the phenotype of the organism and/or the biochemical function of the gene product. Being aware that not all papers have the same approach can orient you towards recognizing the major questions that a paper addresses. What are these questions? In a well-written paper, as described above, the Introduction generally goes from the general to the specific, eventually framing a question or set of questions. This is a good starting place. In addition, the results of experiments usually raise additional questions, which the authors may attempt to answer. These questions usually become evident only in the Results section. Back to Evaluating a paper b. What are the main conclusions of the paper? This question can often be answered in a preliminary way by studying the abstract of the paper. Here the authors highlight what they think are the key points. This is not enough, because abstracts often have severe space constraints, but it can serve as a starting point. Still, you need to read the paper with this question in mind. Back to Evaluating a paper c. What evidence supports those conclusions? Generally, you can get a pretty good idea about this from the Results section. The description of the findings points to the relevant tables and figures. This is easiest when there is one primary experiment to support a point. However, it is often the case that several different experiments or approaches combine to support a particular conclusion. For example, the first experiment might have several possible interpretations, and the later ones are designed to distinguish among these. In the ideal case, the Discussion begins with a section of the form â€Å"Three lines of evidence provide support for the conclusion that†¦ First, †¦ Second,†¦ etc. † However, difficulties can arise when the paper is poorly written (see above). The authors often do not present a concise summary of this type, leaving you to make it yourself. A skeptic might argue that in such cases the logical structure of the argument is weak and is omitted on purpose! In any case, you need to be sure that you understand the relationship between the data and the conclusions. Back to Evaluating a paper d. Do the data actually support the conclusions? One major advantage of doing this is that it helps you to evaluate whether the conclusion is sound. If we assume for the moment that the data are believable (see next section), it still might be the case that the data do not actually support the conclusion the authors wish to reach. There are at least two different ways this can happen: i. The logical connection between the data and the interpretation is not sound ii. There might be other interpretations that might be consistent with the data. One important aspect to look for is whether the authors take multiple approaches to answering a question. Do they have multiple lines of evidence, from different directions, supporting their conclusions? If there is only one line of evidence, it is more likely that it could be interpreted in a different way; multiple approaches make the argument more persuasive. Another thing to look for is implicit or hidden assumptions used by the authors in interpreting their data. This can be hard to do, unless you understand the field thoroughly. Back to Evaluating a paper e. What is the quality of that evidence? This is the hardest question to answer, for novices and experts alike. At the same time, it is one of the most important skills to learn as a young scientist. It involves a major reorientation from being a relatively passive consumer of information and ideas to an active producer and critical evaluator of them. This is not easy and takes years to master. Beginning scientists often wonder, â€Å"Who am I to question these authorities? After all the paper was published in a top journal, so the authors must have a high standing, and the work must have received a critical review by experts. † Unfortunately, that’s not always the case. In any case, developing your ability to evaluate evidence is one of the hardest and most important aspects of learning to be a critical scientist and reader. How can you evaluate the evidence? First, you need to understand thoroughly the methods used in the experiments. Often these are described poorly or not at all (see  above). The details are often missing, but more importantly the authors usually assume that the reader has a general knowledge of common methods in the field (such as immunoblotting, cloning, genetic methods, or DNase I footprinting). If you lack this knowledge, as discussed  above  you have to make the extra effort to inform yourself about the basic methodology before you can evaluate the data. Sometimes you have to trace back the details of the methods if they are important. The increasing availability of journals on the Web has made this easier by obviating the need to find a hard-copy issue,  e. . in the library. A  comprehensive listing of journals  relevant to this course, developed by the Science Library, allows access to most of the listed volumes from any computer at the University; a  second list  at the Arizona Health Sciences Library includes some other journals, again from University computers. Second,  you need to know the  limitations  of the methodology. E very method has limitations, and if the experiments are not done correctly they can’t be interpreted. For instance, an immunoblot is not a very quantitative method. Moreover, in a certain range of protein the signal increases (that is, the signal is at least roughly â€Å"linear†), but above a certain amount of protein the signal no longer increases. Therefore, to use this method correctly one needs a standard curve that shows that the experimental lanes are in a linear range. Often, the authors will not show this standard curve, but they should state that such curves were done. If you don’t see such an assertion, it could of course result from bad writing, but it might also not have been done. If it wasn’t done, a dark band might mean â€Å"there is this much protein or an indefinite amount more†. Third, importantly, you need to distinguish between what the data show and what the authors  say  they show. The latter is really an interpretation on the authors’ part, though it is generally not stated to be an interpretation. Papers usually state something like â€Å"the data in Fig. x show that †¦ â€Å". This is the authors’ interpretation of the data. Do you interpret it the same way? You need to look carefully at the data to ensure that they really do show what the authors say they do. You can only do this effectively if you understand the methods and their limitations. Fourth, it is often helpful to look at the original journal, or its electronic counterpart, instead of a photocopy. Particularly for half-tone figures such as photos of gels or autoradiograms, the contrast is distorted, usually increased, by photocopying, so that the data are misrepresented. Fifth, you should ask if the proper controls are present. Controls tell us that nature is behaving the way we expect it to under the conditions of the experiment (seehere  for more details). If the controls are missing, it is harder to be confident that the results really show what is happening in the experiment. You should try to develop the habit of asking â€Å"where are the controls? † and looking for them. Back to Evaluating a paper f. Why are the conclusions important? Do the conclusions make a significant advance in our knowledge? Do they lead to new insights, or even new research directions? Again, answering these questions requires that you understand the field relatively well. Back to Evaluating a paper Back to outline Back to 568 home page [pic] BIOC/MCB 568 — University of Arizona http://www. biochem. arizona. edu/classes/bioc568/bioc568. htm Last modified August 18, 2010 All contents copyright  © 2010. All rights reserved. How to review a scientific paper? |Contents | |  [hide] | |1  Why me? | |2  Am I a suitable reviewer? | |3  How does the review process work? | |4  How do I start? | |5  What to look for? | |6  How to put it in words? | |7  What to recommend? | |8  How to approach a revision? | |9  I’ve done all this work†¦ what do I get out of it? | |10  Further reading | [edit]Why me? You may be surprised that you may be asked as a peer-reviewer for an authorative journal when you yourself are still a PhD-student and with a limited number of published articles. This does not make you an inappropriate reviewer. You may have been ‘found’ in several ways: 1. When submitting a paper, you will often be asked to fill out contact details and area’s of expertise and/or keywords. Journal editors can screen the journal database for potential reviewers with research expertise matching that of the paper. 2. You could have been requested as a reviewer by the submitting authors 3. You could have been suggested as a reviewer by another reviewer (when declining an invitation to review a paper, one is usually asked to suggest an alternative reviewer) or an editor may know you personally. 4. You could have been found based on previous articles you’ve published that were referenced in the submitted manuscript, or simply found on pubmed. [edit]Am I a suitable reviewer? If you seriously question your ability to review the manuscript, you should decline the review invitation. This may be because you are not familiar with the subject, because you are biased towards the submitted work (e. g. ecause of personal relations with the authors, or because the paper is highly competitive with your own work), or just because you feel too inexperienced. However, in the latter case, you may consider accepting the review and asking a more experienced colleague to assist you with the review. Also, it is an excellent way to learn how to peer-review an article by first assistin g colleague in their reviews. Please always keep confidentiality in mind. Contact the editor if you have any questions. [edit]How does the review process work? 1. The editor and ultimately editorial board decide on the fate of the manuscript. . After a manuscript is assigned to an editor, it is read by the editor and he or she decides if the paper is sent out for peer-review. Occasionally, a triage review is commissioned, where an external reviewer is asked for an opinion if the paper should be sent out for full review. 3. Reviewers are invited and receive an abstract of the manuscript. Usually, 2 or more reviewers are sought. 4. After acceptance of the invitation for review, reviewers receive the full manuscript. If a reviewer then discovers that he or she is not suitable after all, the invitation for review can still be declined. 5. The reviewers write their reviews. Usually, this consists of a) filling out a form with scores (for novelty, technical excellence, appropriateness of manuscript preparation, etcetera), b) comments to the authors, and c) comments to the editor. Typically, an advice regarding overall priority for publication and/or acceptance is asked for, which is blinded to the authors. 6. After the editor has received the reviewer comments, he may decide to commission another reviewer, particularly if reviewer opinions are contradictory or if there is a need for specific expertise, e. g. additional review by a statistical expert. . After all reviews have been completed, the editor and editorial board decide to either a. accept the manuscript, b. accept the manuscript after (minor) revision, c. reject the article, but invite to revise the manuscript, or d. reject the manuscript. 8. Note that an editor will generally reserve the right to edit your reviewer comments to the author. Over-enthusiastic com pliments may be removed if the editor eventually decides to reject the paper. Also, you may see that your comments the editor are also passed on to the authors if the editor feels this is appropriate. 9. If a manuscript is resubmitted after revision, it is usually resent to the original reviewers. [edit]How do I start? Before reading the manuscript, make sure you know the aims and scope of the journal. Read the manuscript and supplementary files for a first time, without spending too much time on details. Consider reading additional literature, such as relating articles by the same authors. Then re-read the manuscript in detail and try to follow the line of thought of the authors. Identify the hypothesis, key findings and assess if the (discussion of) the results adequately reflects back on the original hypothesis. Critically assess the methods and representation of data in the text, tables and figures. Draft a review. Re-read the manuscript and re-read you review. [edit]What to look for? Visit the journal’s website, where criteria for reviewers are commonly supplied. Also, see if there is a score-sheet as this will also tell you what the editors would like you to look for. As a general check-list, consider the following points (taken from the BMJ website): †¢ Is the paper important? †¢ Is the work original? Does the work add enough to what is already in the literature? †¢ Is there a clear message? Does the paper read well and make sense? †¢ Is this journal the right place for this paper? Scientific reliability: †¢ Abstract/summary — does it reflect accurately what the paper says? †¢ Research question — is it clearly defined and appropriately answered? †¢ Overall design of study — is it adequate? †¢ Participants studied   are they dequately described and their conditions defined? †¢ Methods — are they adequately described? For randomised trials: CONSORT Ethical? †¢ Results — does it answer the research question? Credible? Well presented? †¢ Usefulness of tables and figures? Is the quality good enough? Can some eliminated? Is the data correct in the tables? †¢ Interpretation and conclusions — are they warranted by and sufficiently derived from/focused on the data? Message clear? †¢ References — are they up to date and relevant? Any glaring omissions? [edit]How to put it in words? As a reviewer, it is your task to objectively assess the strengths and weaknesses in a manuscript, provide constructive criticism and list suggestions for improvement. It may help to organize your reviewer comments to the author as follows: – a brief summary of the findings in the article. This helps organize your own grasp on the data in the article. Also, it helps the associate editor and editorial board to understand the content of the manuscript. Finally, it shows the author that you have read and understood the manuscript. – consider giving a general comment on the article on e. g. novelty and overall impression of the data and manuscript preparation. -list major comments. Number them for clarity. Major comments are comments, questions and/or suggestions that are in your view essential points that need to be appropriately addressed for the manuscript to become acceptable for publication. list minor comments such as typographic errors or suggestions for additional non-essential data to be included. Also keep in mind: Be kind. Even a ‘bad’ paper has generally required substantial investment of time and effort by the authors. Do not be tempted by the reviewer anonymousity to make unkind remarks. Be fair. Try to be objectively critical. Do not hesi tate to identify flaws in the manuscript, but keep eye for balancing criticism with potential strengths of the manuscript, technical limitations and the nature of the journal. If you give criticism, also give a motivation, including literature references if applicable. Be concise. Be ‘action-able’. Providing practical suggestions for textual changes or additional experiments helps convey what you think would improve the manuscript better than simple criticism. [edit]What to recommend? You give advice to the editor regarding the manuscript and this advice generally includes an advice on how the paper should be handled. It is a misconception that reviewers decide if a paper is accepted: the editor and editorial board ultimately decide. This also means that it is essential to refrain from including an advice on acceptance or rejection of a paper in the review comments that are provided. Editors may edit your comments if you imply acceptance or rejection. Consider recommending a major revision if you feel the paper would become acceptable for publication if your suggestions are adequately addressed. If you feel that the manuscript would be insufficient for publication even after revision, e. g. based on limited novelty, rejection would be more appropriate. [edit]How to approach a revision? If a manuscript is returned to the authors with the invitation to resubmit after revision, you will commonly be asked to review the revised manuscript and author correspondence with replies to your comments. However, this is at the editor’s discretion. If you receive a revised manuscript, focus on the response to your own review and in principle limit yourself to the points you previously raised. See if the authors have satisfactorily addressed your comments. Check with your original comments to see if the authors have included all the points you raised. It is not good practice if you come up with new criticisms regarding points that you could have identified during your first assessment of the manuscript. Also, try to finish your re-evaluation with some priority as this is customary with resubmissions and will prevent excessive delay of anuscript publication. If you had numbered your major comments and had provided action-able suggestions, you will now appreciate the importance of doing so. [edit]I’ve done all this work†¦ what do I get out of it? Writing a good review takes costly time. However, there are several reasons why every researcher should write peer-reviews. First, for you as a researcher, you will find that participating in the reviewing process will increase the quality of your own work and likelihood of getting your articles accepted. You’re given an insider’s view of the reviewing process. Also, going through the process of peer-reviewing a manuscript and reading other reviewer’s comments, will help you critically assess your own manuscript more effectively. Second, for you as a researcher, building a track record of journals that request your services as a reviewer may be a component of your curriculum vitae. Also, a track record of good reviews will enhance your reputations with the editors. Third, as a reviewer, you’re given an early peak at novel unpublished data. This brings a major responsibility and breaching confidentiality to scoop a submitting author would be a serious offence. However, it may give an incentive to (re)direct your experiments so that you have a ‘head-start’ after eventual publication of the manuscript you’re reviewing. Fourth, writing a review means you are participating in the social culture of research. You are helping the editor that invited you. You are making peer-review possible for the submitting author and ultimately, you are enabling the continuing process of keeping a high quality level of science. Finally, invited editorial comments are often commissioned to reviewers that provided a good track record of peer reviews and showed profound insight in he reviewed manuscript. [edit]Further reading http://www. people. vcu. edu/~aslee/referee. htm http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/409692_3 Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA. 1997 Mar 19;277(11):927-34 Downloadable from e. g. [here] Home  Ã‚  Ã‚  About  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cont act  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contribute  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feedback †¢ Log in / create account ? Research Topics ? Learning Resources ? Dutch Investigators ? Dutch Publications ? Clinical Trials ? Practical PhD guide ? Useful links pic] ? Online forum [pic] ? Agenda ? PLAN/Courses ? Newsletters ? Spotlights ? Photo Gallery ? Jobs/Trainees Top of Form [pic][pic]  Ã‚  [pic] Bottom of Form Supported by: [pic] [pic] [pic] | | | | ? About NIER ? Disclaimers ? Views: 5,040 ? Modified: 13:53, 26 January 2009. ? Hosted by Xentax Foundation |Reviewing a Manuscript | |for Publication | |Allen S. Lee | |Professor, Department of Information Systems   | |Eminent Scholar, Information Systems Research Institute | |School of Business   | |Virginia Commonwealth University | |http://www. eople. vcu. edu/~aslee/ | |Published as an invited note in | |Journal of Operations Management   | |Volume 13, Number 1 (July 1995), pp. 7-92. | |If you copy, download, or circulate this paper, please simply inform the author (at  AllenSLee@alum. mit. edu) | |that you are doing so. | |This paper is based on remarks that the author prepared for presentation at the New Faculty Workshop held at | |the 23rdAnnual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute in Miami Beach, Florida, November 22, 1991. |  Ã‚   | |[pic] | |Abstract | |This paper offers suggestions about how to review a manuscript submitted for publication in the fields of | |management information systems, organizational studies, operations management, and management in general. |Rationales for the suggestions and illustra tive sample comments are provided. | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |[pic] | |Contents | |Abstract | |Action 1:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start out with your own summary of the manuscript. | |Action 2:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let the editor and author know what your expertise does, and does not, cover. |Action 3:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Give â€Å"action-able† advice. | |Action 4:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Convince the authors by arguing from their own assumptions and framework. | |Action 5:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide both (1) your general, overall reaction and (2) a list of specific, numbered | |point-by-point comments. | |Action 6:  Ã‚  Ã‚   List the manuscript’s strengths. | |Action 7:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quote, give the page number, or otherwise explicitly locate the parts of the manuscript to which | |you are referring. | |Action 8:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Offer comments on tables, figures, and diagrams. |Action 9:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be kind. | |Action 10:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be frank, in a tactful way, about your own emotional reaction. | |Action 11:  Ã‚  Ã‚   D o some of your own library research. | |Action 12:  Ã‚  Ã‚   If rejecting the manuscript, suggest what future research efforts might examine. | |Action 13:  Ã‚  Ã‚   If recommending a revision, spell out alternative scenarios for how the revision could be done. | |Action 14:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide citations or a bibliography. | |Action 15:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Date your review. | |Why Review? |Conclusion | |  Ã‚   | |[pic] | | | |As management researchers, we regard the behavior of managers, systems professionals, and other organizational | |participants to be a manifestation of the values that they hold as members of their organization and their | |profession. In the same way, we may regard our own behaviors, as reviewers of manuscripts in the â€Å"double blind†| |reviewing process, to be a manifestation of the values that we hold as members of the community of scholars. As| |an author and editor, I have seen our community manifest the best and the worst of human values in th e | |anonymous reviews offered on manuscripts submitted for publication. Some reviewers rise to the occasion and | |give extensive help, even though the anonymous reviewing process promises them nothing in return for their | |efforts. Other reviewers hide behind the anonymity of the reviewing process, offering negative remarks that | |they would not have the courage to voice in public. My immediate purpose is to offer suggestions, based on the | |reviews I have seen as an author and editor, about how to provide useful, kind, constructive, and responsible | |reviews of manuscripts submitted for publication. I offer these suggestions to my colleagues who review | |manuscripts submitted for publication in research journals in management information systems, organizational | studies, operations management, and other fields of management. | |1. Suggestions for Reviewing a Manuscript | |For many of the suggestions below, I offer sample comments to illustrate my points. I have based these comments| |on actual reviews. | |1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start out with Your Own Summary of the Manuscript | | | |As a reviewer for a manuscript, I was surprised, upon subsequently receiving the associate editor’s own review,| |to see that he began with a summary of the manuscript. After all, an author knows what his or her own | |manuscript is about, so why summarize it? | |Apparently, at least in this case, the summary was provided for the benefit of the senior editor, not | |necessarily the author. The associate editor’s review was, I realized, as much a recommendation to the senior | |editor as it was an explanation to the authors. Because a reviewer’s review is, in the same way, a | |recommendation to an editor, I have come to believe that a summary of the manuscript being considered is no | |less useful in the reviewer’s review. | |I now believe that an opening summary may also be useful to the manuscript’s author and to the reviewer himself| |or herself. For the author, how effectively the reviewer’s summary does or does not capture the gist of the | |manuscript may serve as one measure of how effectively the manuscript communicates its message. For the | |reviewer, the very exercise of composing a summary encourages and virtually assures a thorough reading of the | |manuscript. | |Opening summaries are also useful to the editor when the manuscript is controversial. Occasionally, as an | |editor, I have wondered if the different reviewers assigned to a controversial manuscript have actually been | |sent the same manuscript. An opening summary of the manuscript, presented from the reviewer’s own perspective, | |would be a big help to the editor when he or she is trying to reach a decision on a manuscript that evokes | |controversial reactions. |Some illustrative sample comments are: | |This paper represents a major effort to test two competing theories about user satisfaction with electronic | |mail†¦ The methodolo gy of the paper consists of†¦ The data were gathered from two field sites†¦ The major | |finding was that†¦ The contributions to theory and practice would appear to be†¦ | |  Ã‚   | |This manuscript pursues two somewhat conflicting goals. It attempts to†¦, while it also tries to†¦. The authors | |do a good job of the first one, but their treatment of the second one raises more questions than it answers. | | | |1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let the Editor and Author Know What Your Expertise Does, and Does Not, Cover | | | |By stating where you have expertise and, no less important, where you lack expertise, you will be helping the | |editor and author in their job of interpreting and weighing your comments. Reviewers, in voluntarily | |identifying where their expertise may be lacking with regard to the manuscript being reviewed, might even gain | |additional credibility for their claims about where they do have expertise. | |I read the paper from two perspectiv es: 1) someone who has employed the same methodology that the authors are | |using and 2) someone who is not familiar at all with the substantive area that the authors are investigating. | |My criticisms and suggestions are offered entirely from the first perspective. |For the reader, such as myself, who is unfamiliar with concepts X, Y, and Z, the authors present no helpful | |explanation of these concepts or justification for their inclusion in the study in the first place†¦Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚   | |Another problem I had is that, probably like most of the people who read this journal, I am not deeply read in | |all three of the research fields that the authors draw upon. I cannot judge how well this paper builds on past | |research. | |   | |1. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚   Give â€Å"Action-able† Advice | |Advice stated in the form of do-able tasks is mutually advantageous to the author and the reviewer in the event| |that the editor asks for a revision. For the author, the advised actions point to a â€Å"fixed target† where he or | |she may aim the revision. For the reviewer, the advised actions (as further interpreted by the editor) may | |serve as the criteria on which to judge the revision. In contrast, a reviewer who offers vague generalities, | |and no action-able advice, in his or her first review would have no real â€Å"handle† with which to approve or | |disapprove the revision; such a reviewer might very well find a revision returning to â€Å"haunt† him or her. | |If my concerns can be addressed successfully in a revision, then I believe the paper should be published. I | |have four major concerns. They are†¦ | |  Ã‚   | |Therefore, I recommend rejection, but would be willing to review a revised version if (1) †¦Ã‚   and (2) †¦Ã‚   | |  Ã‚   | |The following suggestions are provided to improve the weaknesses pointed out above: | |Clearly state the objectives, contributions, and limitations of the study. | |Provide a definition of what you mean by Organizational Support System and use it consistently throughout the | |paper. | |Using this definition, narrow down the literature review. | |1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Convince the Authors by Arguing from  Their Own Assumptions and Framework | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |A reviewer can always take issue with a manuscript’s assumptions and framework. However, disagreeing with the | |assumptions is not always an effective reviewing strategy because, strictly speaking, all assumptions are | |incorrect for what they assume away. An alternative strategy is to accept the manuscript’s assumptions (if only| |for the sake of argument) and then to point out any shortcomings in the manuscript by examining the | |consequences that follow from these assumptions. (Indeed, if the assumptions lead to no objectionable | |consequences, then the assumptions might not be bad assumptions in the first place.    By casting the review in | |terms of the authors’ own framework, the reviewer might then be more likely to convince the authors by courting| |and affirming the authors, rather than by disputing the authors. | |On the first page, the paper says that it will do the following†¦ The rest of the paper, however, does not | |follow through adequately on what it promised to do. In particular, according to the standards of the research | |framework that the authors themselves have chosen, the following things still need to be done or need to be | |done better†¦ Still, there is much potential value in what the paper initially proposed and I encourage the | |authors to flesh out the paper’s ide as more thoroughly. Along these lines, my suggestions are†¦ | |If the reviewer wishes to suggest a different framework and set of assumptions to the authors, this suggestion | |would be more convincing after the reviewer has demonstrated that he or she has given due consideration to the | |authors’ original framework, rather than dismissing it outright. | |1. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provide Both (1) Your General, Overall Reaction and (2) a List of Specific, Numbered Point-by-Point | |Comments | |  Ã‚   | |As an author, I have received some reviews consisting entirely of numbered, point-by-point comments that give | |the impression that the reviewer was simply typing up his or her review as he or she was reading my manuscript | |linearly, sentence-by-sentence, turning it page-by-page. Whereas such a review might be detailed and even | |exhaustive, I have found that such reviews sometimes negatively criticize me on matters that I actually address| |satisfactorily later in the manuscript. These reviewers do a good job of analyzing the words in my manuscript, | |but they appear to put no effort into discerning what I meant by these words. My impression has been that these| |reviewers considered the reviewing job to be a burden and just wanted to get it over. I have found that if | |there is no statement of an overall reaction from the reviewer, I am sometimes left wondering about what the | |reviewer really means. In fact, in this situation, I sometimes wonder if the reviewer himself knows what he | |means. For these reasons, I believe that a general, overall reaction or overview from the reviewer is needed as| |much as his or her specific, point-by-point comments. | |  However, there is at least one occasion in which a linear, sentence-by-sentence, and page-by-page reading | |might be useful. When I am a reviewer, I will occasionally amend my review by paging through the manuscript | |once more and enumerating, point-by-point, any comments which I had planned to make when I first read the | |manuscript, but which somehow did not make their way into the main body of my review. | |Numbering the major points in a review is helpful to the editor and author. For instance, an editor could then | |conveniently say to the author, â€Å"Pay particular attention to points 2, 3, and 5 by Reviewer 1. † | |1. 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List the Manuscript’s Strengths | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Perhaps the most disheartening review I have ever seen is one that began with the single-sentence paragraph, | |â€Å"There are several problems with this paper,† and followed with a numbered, blow-by-blow listing of all the | |alleged problems in the manuscript. An accompanying listing of the manuscript’s strengths would have made the | |review more palatable (and hence convincing) to the author. |   | |A listing of the manuscript’s strengths takes on added importance when the reviewer’s recommendation is that | |the manuscript should be rejected. Is there really nothing in the manuscript that would make it worthy of a | |revision? Making up a list of the manuscript’s strengths would help make sure that no stone is left u nturned. | |The major asset of this manuscript is that it presents a new approach to†¦This, in turn, raises interesting | |general issues such as: (1)†¦(2)†¦(3)†¦Ã‚   | |  Ã‚   | |Major strengths. |The objective of this paper is of high interest and use to IS managers. | |The authors are exceptionally clear about how this study builds on past studies. | |The methodology, while new to IS, is clearly explained. | |1. 7  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quote, Give the Page Number, or Otherwise Explicitly Locate the Parts of the Manuscript to Which You | |Are Referring | |This will pinpoint what you find difficult to understand, what you disagree with, or exactly what you believe | |needs to be changed. Moreover, if the author should disagree with your assessment, then the author may respond | |precisely to your objection. |In the third paragraph on page 9, it is not clear to me that the authors understand the concept of construct | |validity. | |  Ã‚   | |On page 3, in the literat ure review section, the paper says, â€Å"†¦only 12 percent of the past studies examined the| |same factors we will be examining in this study†¦. † Exactly which studies were these? I do not doubt your | |statement, but I would like to be able to evaluate it for myself. | |  Ã‚   | |On page 2, why does the prior research necessarily suggest that we need to study this topic, as you claim? | |1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Offer Comments on Tables, Figures, and Diagrams | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Because tables, figures, and diagrams often appear at the end of the manuscript, they often do not receive the | |attention they deserve. However, I believe that reviewing an illustration can be equivalent to reviewing a | |thousand words. Because illustrations are often overlooked in reviews, a detailed comment about an illustration| |might favorably impress the author and editor, suggesting to them that the reviewer is especially | |conscientious. Also, suggesting a new table, figure, or d iagram may encourage the author to sharpen his or her | |argument. | |Table 6 makes no sense to me. The labels along the vertical axis are mentioned nowhere in the text. | |I don’t understand the reason for including Figure 4. What is the relevance of the number of X broken down | |into three categories? | |1. 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be Kind | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |There are tactful ways to express negative criticisms. For example, if you are unsure what the contribution of | |the manuscript is, say  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s new? †Ã‚  instead of â€Å"So what? †I believe that if the criticism cannot be stated in a| |kind and constructive way, then the criticism might not be worth stating at all. Also, unkind remarks in a | |review that is otherwise valid may create difficulties for the editor who would like to persuade the author | |that the review does have merit. | |1. 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be Frank, in a Tactful Way, about Your Own Emotional Reaction | |  Ã‚   | |Some reviews tend to be dry. As an author and editor, I find that any hint or explicit statement about the | |reviewer’s feelings will help me to interpret what he or she means. | |I had a hard time making a recommendation on this manuscript . . . The paper is nicely written and competent, | |but dull. It is hard to get excited about the findings. | |I am very excited about this paper. At a recent conference a colleague and I were on a panel where we debated | |similar points†¦ | |1. 11  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do Some of Your Own Library Research | |  Ã‚   | |In my experience as an author and editor, I tend to give an extra measure of credibility to reviewers who have | |done some library or other research for their review. This effort makes the review appear sincere and | |convincing. A quotation from a book or article that the reviewer has looked up can be impressive. |On page 14, I was intrigued by the paper’s quotation of Carlson, so I decided to look up Carlson’s article. My | |interpretation of Carlson’s article is. . . | |1. 12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If Rejecting the Manuscript, Suggest What Future Research Efforts Might Examine | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Our own behavior as reviewers in the â€Å"double blind† review process reveals our individual values, which may | |include adversarial values and collegial values. Rejecting a manuscript and offer ing only the reasons for | |rejection reveals a person who has no contribution to make to the overall community of scholars. Rejecting a | |manuscript, but also offering suggestions about what the author could pursue instead or pursue differently in | |future research, reveals a person who is integrated into the community of scholars and seeks to foster its | |growth. | |1. 13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If Recommending a Revision, Spell Out Alternative Scenarios for How the Revision Could be Done | |  Ã‚   | |Simply saying â€Å"this paper needs a good re-write† is not, by itself, helpful, especially if it is true. Often, | |there is more than one way to revise a manuscript. Suggest two or more scenarios, mention what you believe to | |be the advantages or disadvantages of each one, and leave the choice up to the author. | |1. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provide Citations or a Bibliography | |  Ã‚   | |A citation that the author finds helpful can be as valuable as a thousand or more words in the rest of the | |review. | |1. 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date Your Review | |  Ã‚   | |As an author and editor, I do not apprecia te late reviews. Once, I noticed that a colleague of min e | |prominently displayed the current date at the top of a review that he was about to send in. He said that the | |date would let the authors of the manuscript know that, if the overall cycle time on their manuscript was | |excessive, he was not the cause. I also suspect that a date on a review can function as an incentive for | |subsequent participants in the review process to act on the manuscript promptly. | |2. Why Review? | |   | |I see four benefits to engaging in the effort of reviewing a manuscript submitted for publication. | |Benefits to the Reviewer in the Short Run  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typically, a reviewer will receive the reviews by the other | |reviewers and the editor. Doing a review therefore confers an insider’s view of the reviewing process. The | |reactions of the other reviewers and the editor all contain potential lessons for one’s own manuscripts to be | |submitted for publication. In reviewing manuscripts, one also gains access to invaluable bibliographies. | |Access to these bibliographies is sufficient justification, in itself, to find the time to participate in the | |reviewing process. | |Benefits to the Reviewer in the Long Run  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good reviewers are hard to find. A track record of good reviews | |will enhance one’s reputation with editors, who may then serve (if need be) as job contacts or outside | |reviewers in one’s tenure, promotion, and re-appointment process. In this regard, one’s performance in his or | |her review of a manuscript can be compared to one’s performance in a job interview. Good reviews can benefit | |one’s career. | |Benefits to Others  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous people have helped me launch my career as an university teacher and researcher. | |When they ask me to review a manuscript for which they are the editor or track chair, I regard their request as| |an opportunity for me to return some of the help they have given me. In our research culture, doing a review | |of a manuscript is a socially significant gesture. | |Benefits to One’s Own School of Thought  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an author, I often have the experience in which reviewers, | |hostile to and ignorant of the research traditions that I embrace, misreview my submission. Therefore, | |whenever I find that I am a reviewer for a submission that falls in my own school of thought, I expend extra | |efforts to give it a careful, constructive review. Realizing that the refereeing process is political, I will | |do my best to be supportive and affirmingly critical, drawing attention to any major significant points in the | |submission and delineating in explicit, constructive, and â€Å"action-able† ways how the author’s research can be | |improved. As a result, the editor would, if necessary, have some â€Å"ammunition† with which to neutralize any | |hostile and ignorant reviews and thereby to justify a positive editorial decision on this submission. | |3. Conclusion | |No review of a manuscript must incorporate all the features I have described above. I am also confident that | |there are additional useful features I have not yet encountered. I have identified these features based on my | |own experience as a member of the management research community. I encourage my colleagues to do the same. | |Do actual instances of good reviews follow from rules for how to review a manuscript for publication, or do | |rules for ho How to cite Paper Evaluation, Papers